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UnderstandWhat it is, what people ask, how far this page goes

Natural inorganic gem materials · Trade name: inclusion / visual-effect descriptor · Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Included Quartz

Also known asSagenitic quartz

A Chinese market umbrella term for quartz with all kinds of inclusions, such as landscapes, phantoms or hair-like needles. It is not a separate variety, and the specific inclusions must be identified. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.

Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.

What this page can answer

This page covers

What we cannot conclude

  • Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
  • Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
  • Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.

Material research: formation, causes and history

What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.

How it forms

Scenic/vision quartz is an umbrella market term for quartz whose internal features - scenic, phantom, hair-like or other inclusions - produce picture-like patterns; it is not an independently identifiable mineral or variety, and the material is mineralogically quartz (SiO2). Such patterns arise mainly because inclusions become trapped while the crystal grows and usually sit along growth layers, stretched out along the growth direction, and because quartz can record multiple growth stages and differences in growth rate and conditions. The authoritative literature describes these mechanisms while studying amethyst inclusions and a special quartz structure; it does not define this market name.

Scope: Used to explain the formation mechanisms of internal features such as scenes, inclusions and growth zoning in the actual material (quartz) sold under such market names; this collective trade name is not treated as a mineral species or variety.

Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

Where it forms

Hydrothermal veins, geodes and crystal-lined cavities: silica-bearing fluids precipitate quartz in open cavities, an environment where inclusions and growth zoning commonly occur.

Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

Settings of multiple growth stages: a single pocket can record successive stages of quartz deposition (colorless, smoky, and later amethyst), preserved as internal zoning.

Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

How it forms, step by step

  1. Silica-bearing fluids precipitate quartz in an open cavity such as a vein or geode, and the crystal begins to grow.

    Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024
  2. Mineral inclusions that are trapped while the crystal grows typically sit along growth layers, stretched out parallel to the growth direction.

    Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024
  3. When growth rate and conditions change and multiple growth stages occur, internal zoning or outlines form, producing scenic/phantom effects.

    Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024
  4. These features lead the market to sell the material under umbrella names such as 'scenic/vision quartz', but the name does not change the fact that the material is quartz.

    Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

Link to appearance

Internal picture-like inclusions, hair-like crystals or nested phantom outlines; these correspond to inclusions trapped along growth layers and to zoning left by multiple growth stages.

Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

Timescale

The sources give no absolute age or growth duration for these features; the mechanisms are described only as occurring during growth and across growth stages, without numerical values.

Sources G&G Summer 2019 · G&G Fall 2024

Related base materials

  • Quartz (SiO2): umbrella-of | Included quartz is an umbrella market term for quartz showing scenic/phantom/inclusion features

Supporting findings

Unusual internal structures and patterns in quartz can arise from differences in growth rate and in the conditions of growth.

Evidence grade B

Scope: Stated for one special-structure quartz sample; 'scenic quartz' is a market umbrella term and the cause must be assessed case by case.

Sources G&G Summer 2019

Primary inclusions in quartz are trapped during crystal growth and commonly lie along growth layers and elongate in the growth direction, forming the basis of scenic/phantom internal features.

Evidence grade B

Scope: Described for amethyst; extension to other quartz varieties requires separate verification.

Sources G&G Fall 2024

Quartz bearing such features can occur in open cavities such as hydrothermal veins and geodes, and can record successive growth stages from colorless and smoky to later amethyst.

Evidence grade B

Scope: The environment is drawn from a study of an amethyst hydrothermal vein, not from research dedicated to scenic quartz.

Sources G&G Fall 2024

How it is identified

The colour and inclusion appearance of 'scenic-inclusion-quartz' cannot establish whether a stone is natural, synthetic or treated: quartz varieties that look alike may differ entirely in composition, growth history and treatment, and synthetic and natural quartz share essentially the same composition and physical properties, so the unaided eye cannot separate them. Laboratory identification rests on measurable properties and the division of labour between instruments — a polariscope with a conoscope lens can judge colour-zoning orientation from extinction and optic-axis readings, a refractometer gives refractive-index values, and EDXRF with infrared spectroscopy supplies chemical and structural fingerprints. Limitations: some methods depend on how the stone was cut and on comparison with reference material, and the final conclusion must be issued by an accredited gemological laboratory through testing rather than inferred from appearance.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Identification and separation points; testing must be performed by an accredited gemological laboratory, and no self-test thresholds are given.

Sources G&G Summer 2014 · CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Other research findings

In the authoritative literature such material is spectroscopically identified as quartz (characteristic infrared and Raman peaks); 'scenic quartz' is itself not a mineral-species name.

Evidence grade C

Scope: Defines the nature of the name only; the material is mineralogically quartz and specific inclusion species must be identified case by case.

Sources G&G Summer 2019

Limits of this research

  • Research status: Formation, occurrence or other material-specific findings found in authoritative sources
  • 'Scenic/vision quartz' is a market umbrella term with no authoritative mineralogical definition and is not an identifiable mineral kind.
  • The cited mechanisms come from studies of amethyst inclusions and one special-structure quartz sample, not from research on material sold under this name; the cause must be assessed case by case.
  • The sources give no absolute age or growth duration.

Methodology

Evidence grades

A
Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
B
Institutional educational material
C
Specialist databases or cautious readings

A statement is never graded above its strongest source.

This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.

DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments

Suggested listing name
Included Quartz (state the specific quartz type and the inclusions)

GB/T 16552—2017 5.1.1 c) · CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.203

Construction or treatment status

Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Treatments recorded for this material: Heated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Irradiated (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled, Dyed (via parent material), Coated (via parent material)

Related:Disclosure and cautions

This page cannot answer

Natural? · Origin · Price

A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.

Related:What this page can answer

Answer at a glance

"Included Quartz (Chinese umbrella trade term)" is a market name rather than a mineral species name; before using it, verify: Trade name rather than a mineralogical species name.

What this means for you

Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Included Quartz (state the specific quartz type and the inclusions)" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.

Known uncertainty

Last reviewed
2026-09-01

Trade-name ruling

  • Trade name rather than a mineralogical species name.
Suggested listing name
Included Quartz (state the specific quartz type and the inclusions)

Care and wear

No care facts are recorded for this entry itself. Its parent material has care records: see Quartz.

Treatments and identification leads

One row per treatment, with three standards side by side: how often it occurs and how stable it is (CIBJO), its category in GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (this site's paraphrase) and how the JJA/AGL 2025 table lists it. Each CIBJO value links to its entry under “Testing and market”, where the wording and source are given in full.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TreatmentMarket frequency (CIBJO)Stability (CIBJO)GB/T 16552 categoryJJA/AGL listingIdentification leads
Heating——Optimization——
Irradiation——Optimization——
Filling——Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1——
Dyeing——Treatment——
Coating——Treatment——
impregnation with a colourless agent———impregnation with a colourless agent—

“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (row for Rock Crystal); JJA/AGL 2025

Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):

  • GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
  • CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15

VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources

Names

Besides Included Quartz, the name register records "Sagenitic quartz", for which no restriction on use as a name is recorded (CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.203); 2 further names in non-Latin scripts are listed in the name register below (2 with no restriction recorded on use as a name).

Standard and listing namesThe national-standard name corresponding to Included Quartz is rock crystal, and included quartz itself is not listed in the original GB/T 16552—2017; the suggested listing name is Included Quartz (stating the specific quartz type and inclusions). Sub-names and unacceptable namesCommon market names and synonyms include two Chinese market names, both registered as market names on the basis of a ruling by this site with no clause attached; the English subordinate name Sagenitic quartz is recorded by the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024. Institution usageThe CIBJO and FTC texts on file have no wording for Included Quartz (checked), and GIA and Gem-A are unchecked. Trade and mineralogical namesThe entry's own English name Included Quartz carries the qualifier collective trade name in the Chinese market; GIA and Gem-A carry the same qualifier as the FTC and CIBJO. Japanese namesThe entry's own Japanese name means quartz with inclusions (a collective name in the Chinese market), and Japan's GSJ wording for this name is not yet verified by this site. Names in four languagesNames are given in four languages: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English (Included Quartz) and Japanese.

Name register

Every name recorded for this entry, with how it is classified, whether it may be matched to this entry automatically, whether it may be used as a product name, and the clause it rests on.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

NameTypeMatchingUse as a nameBasis
no restriction recorded (3)
Sagenitic quartzEnglishnarrower name (variety or subtype)matched automaticallyno restriction recordedCIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.203
异象水晶Simplified Chinesemarket namematched automaticallyno restriction recordededitorial ruling (no clause cited)
特殊矿水晶Simplified Chinesemarket namematched automaticallyno restriction recordededitorial ruling (no clause cited)

How each authority words this name: see Names › Authority wording.

Authority wording

GIA, FTC, CIBJO, Gem-A
Included Quartz (no wording for this name in the FTC, CIBJO text on file; GIA, Gem-A unchecked — bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name)
GSJ (Japan) formal name
インクルージョン入りクォーツ(中国市場総称) (not yet checked for this body — the entry's own Japanese name is shown)
GB/T naming counterpart (this name is not in the standard)
水晶 (GB/T 16552—2017 §5.1.1 c))
Mineralogical name
Umbrella market term for quartz with scenic, phantom, hair-like or other inclusions
Trade names and synonyms
Sagenitic quartz (narrower name (variety or subtype))

Four-language names

简体中文
异象水晶
繁體中文
異象水晶
English
Included Quartz (Chinese umbrella trade term)
日本語
インクルージョン入りクォーツ(中国市場総称)

Qualifiers stripped from the headline name

  • GIA, Gem-A (not yet checked; this qualifier is part of the entry's own English name): (Chinese umbrella trade term)
  • FTC, CIBJO (no wording for this name in this body's text on file; this qualifier is part of the entry's own English name): (Chinese umbrella trade term)

See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index

Classification

Origin
Natural materials
Material domain
Natural inorganic gem materials
Browsing family
Quartz and chalcedony materials
Identity tier
Trade name: inclusion / visual-effect descriptor
Mineral chemical class
Silicates
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Treatments listed by standards

GB/T Table B.1Included Quartz applies the “Rock crystal” row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1: heating is listed as optimization, irradiation as optimization, filling is graded (the grades are defined on the Gem treatments page), dyeing is listed as treatment and coating as treatment; the notes to Table B.1 are on the Gem treatments page. JJA/AGL designationsThe November 2025 revision of the Japanese JJA/AGL Definitions and Nomenclature of Gemstones and Ornamental Materials, in its list of main gemstone designations, gives the gem name as [inclusion name] Quartz, with species quartz and colour various, noting that for included stones the inclusion name is entered in a space before the name; the JJA/AGL designations have a no-treatment category and also list impregnation with a colourless agent (filling). How to read the JJA/AGL table is explained on the Gem treatments page.

GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1

Under the “Rock Crystal” row of Table B.1: Heating Optimization; Irradiation Optimization; Filling Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1; Dyeing Treatment; Coating Treatment. The full row, with the effect column, is on the Rock Crystal page.

What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.

JJA/AGL (Japan) table of principal gem names, 2025

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

Gem nameSpeciesColourListed in the tableNotes
[inclusion] QuartzQuartzany colouran untreated tier is listed; impregnation with a colourless agent (Filled / Fracture-filled)quartz with inclusions; the blank prefix is filled with the inclusion name

JJA/AGL definitions and nomenclature (2025 revision), table of principal gem names, p.10

How to read the JJA/AGL table: see the Gem treatments page.

What it is and how it's identified

The material facts for Included Quartz are registered from GB/T 16553—2017; the structural, durability, physical and optical values are all written in the cited clause for rock crystal (the whole class), not measured on Included Quartz alone; chemical composition, luminescence, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum and magnification are handled for rock crystal (the whole class), see the Rock Crystal entry. Values for the rock crystal class: structure crystalline, trigonal, with hexagonal prismatic crystals showing pronounced horizontal striations on the prism faces; Mohs hardness 7, cleavage none; density 2.64–2.69 g/cm³, derived from the clause value 2.66 and its permitted tolerance of +0.03/−0.02; refractive index 1.544–1.553, birefringence 0.009; optical character anisotropic, uniaxial, positive, a bull's-eye interference figure may appear, and Brazil-law twinning is common in amethyst; the cat's-eye effect can occur, and asterism can occur as six-rayed stars, mostly in rose quartz; untreated, pleochroism is weak and varies with colour, and lustre is vitreous.

Registered material facts

Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.

Chemical composition, luminescence, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum, magnification: these whole-class features are given in the cited clause for rock crystal (the whole class), so they are not repeated on the Included Quartz page; see the material facts on the Rock Crystal entry.

Items below that name the class they cover give the cited clause’s value for that whole class, not a measurement of Included Quartz (how to read class-level values).

Structure

Included Quartz — structure (overall): crystalline

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — structure (crystal system): trigonal

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — structure (crystal habit): hexagonal prisms with prominent horizontal striations on the prism faces

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Durability

Included Quartz — Mohs hardness: 7

GB/T 16553—2017

123456789107References (diamond = value, bar = range; below)

Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))

Mohs hardnessSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — cleavage: none

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Physical properties

Included Quartz — density: 2.64–2.69 g/cm³

GB/T 16553—2017

0.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.52.64–2.69
Specific gravitySource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Qualification

The clause we cite gives 2.66, with a stated tolerance of +0.03 / -0.02. The range shown here is worked out from that.

Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Optical

Optical effects on record: chatoyancyrepresentative example: cause in Tiger’s Eye (schematic)asterismrepresentative example: cause in Star Sapphire (schematic)

Included Quartz — optic character: anisotropic material, uniaxial, with positive optic character; a “Bull's eye” interference figure may be present, and Brazil-law twinning is common in amethyst.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — refractive index: 1.544–1.553

GB/T 16553—2017

1.31.72.12.52.93.31.544–1.553
Refractive indexSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — birefringence: 0.009

GB/T 16553—2017

00.050.10.150.20.250.30.009
BirefringenceSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — pleochroism: weak; it depends on the body colour.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — optical effect (chatoyancy): seen

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Included Quartz — optical effect (asterism): seen; a six-rayed star, common in rose quartz.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26
CIBJO definitions
chatoyancy, asterism

Quality factors

Included Quartz — quality factor (lustre): vitreous

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
What this covers
rock crystal (the whole class)
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.16 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

1.531.541.551.561.571.582.52.62.72.82.9Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Included Quartz

This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.548 / 2.67; Closest values: 1Agate 1.537 / 2.63, 2Shoushan Stone 1.56 / 2.7, 3Changhua Stone 1.56 / 2.6, 4Bamboo Coral 1.57 / 2.65, 5Synthetic Beryl 1.57 / 2.69

Show the full chart (330 registered materials)1.41.51.61.71.81.922.12.22.32.41234567Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Included Quartz

Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22

Refractive index × specific gravity (all registered materials)Each dot is one material's registered refractive index and specific gravity (range midpoints, not measurements); gold = this material, dark = the nearest few (picked on this site by distance in RI ÷ 0.02 and SG ÷ 0.1, leaving out near-identical varieties of the same species)Source: each material's registered refractive index and specific gravity facts (GB/T 16553 and others; sources on each entry)

Clause-level definitions

The clause-level definition for Included Quartz corresponds to the term Sagenitic quartz in CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024, with the CIBJO wording quoted in full under Clause-level definitions on this page; the cross-check shows it is defined directly by CIBJO, and no identically named English entry was found in this edition of the GB/T annex.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TermClauseDefinitionCross-check
Sagenitic quartz7.2.1.203General term referring to transparent quartz (usually rock crystal) containing visible needle- like inclusions, such as actinolite, rutile and tourmaline, often specified according to the mineral inclusions contained, such as rutilated quartz and tourmalinated quartzDefined directly by CIBJO; no identically named English entry was found in this edition of the GB/T annex.

Evidence and sources

Authority basis and clause sources

GB/T 16552—2017
Not listed the name does not occur anywhere in the text; scope: Chapter 1 “Scope” · Source
GB/T 16552—2017
Naming rule 5.1.1 c) · Source
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Not listed no occurrence of “Included Quartz” in chapter 7; scope set by §7.1.1 “Gemstone” definition (Gemstones encompass) · Source
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Listed §7.2.1.203 · Source

Sources

Further reading

Related entries and topic cluster

Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.

Related-entry tree for Quartz on this site: 74 entries listed by this site's parent-entry links; synthetic, treated and similar entries carry their recorded state after the name; this page (Included Quartz) is marked.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

PageContentStatus
Browsing familyQuartz and chalcedony materialsLive
Treatments recorded for this materialHeated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Irradiated (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled, Dyed (via parent material), Coated (via parent material)Live
Related articlesTo be added (placeholder)Planned

Who maintains this page

The material facts in the Included Quartz entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.

Facts editor
Ralph
Reviewer
June
How facts are checked
Each fact is matched to the clause it cites; facts checked on 2026-09-26
Last revised
2026-10-12
Purpose
Lets buyers and sellers check naming, disclosure and material facts clause by clause.

Spotted an error? Report it on the forum