On this page
UnderstandWhat it is, what people ask, how far this page goes
Natural inorganic gem materials · Rock / mineral aggregate · Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Changhua Stone
A Chinese carving stone name listed in GB/T 16552-2017 Table A.2, with variable mineral composition; chicken-blood varieties also need a mercury risk assessment. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.
Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.
What this page can answer
This page covers
- How Changhua Stone forms and what gives its colourFormation setting, process and timescale, each finding graded and sourced
- How to identify Changhua StoneHow far lab testing can go
- Treatments and enhancements of Changhua Stone3 registered treatments: status, stability, how common they are and identification leads
- Caring for and wearing Changhua StoneDurability indicators and wearing advice
- Hardness, density and refractive index of Changhua StoneEach value with its source and check date
- Changhua Stone in English, Chinese and Japanese; national standard namesNames in four languages, the GB/T standard name and the suggested listing name; and: Has any of GIA, FTC, CIBJO or Gem-A put a name for it on record here?
- Name origin and history of Changhua StoneWhere the name comes from
- Listing and disclosing Changhua StoneThe listing name to use; what must be disclosed before sale
- Standard clauses that define Changhua StoneWhich clause defines it, each cross-checked
What we cannot conclude
- Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
- Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
- Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.
Material research: formation, causes and history
What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.
How it forms
Among the Chinese seal and carving stones is Changhua stone, a rock — a mineral aggregate — whose composition depends on variety and is not that of one species. Common constituents include the kaolinite-group minerals dickite and kaolinite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4, and pyrophyllite, Al2Si4O10(OH)2, may also occur along with others; a few varieties can contain cinnabar and thereby look red, which must be established by separate identification rather than inferred from colour. Its origin lies in hydrothermal-alteration and metamorphic settings: dickite and kaolinite usually arise from hydrothermal alteration (or weathering) of aluminosilicate minerals, or occur as authigenic sedimentary minerals, while pyrophyllite is found in bedded deposits within schistose metamorphic rocks as well as along hydrothermal veins.
Scope: Applies to the composition and genetic overview of the Chinese carving stone "Changhua stone" as a rock aggregate (as reflected by sources on kaolinite-group minerals and pyrophyllite); composition varies by variety, and composition is not asserted from colour.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Where it forms
A hydrothermal-alteration/weathering setting: dickite/kaolinite form by alteration of aluminosilicate minerals, also authigenic-sedimentary.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Hydrothermal veins and bedded schistose-metamorphic deposits: pyrophyllite's occurrence.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
How it forms, step by step
Aluminosilicate-bearing host rocks or sediments are emplaced.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Aluminosilicate minerals are altered hydrothermally (or by weathering) into dickite/kaolinite clays.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Pyrophyllite and related phases form in hydrothermal veins or in bedded schistose-metamorphic deposits.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Clay minerals and others combine into a carving-stone aggregate whose composition varies by variety; identifying the colouring mineral of red varieties requires separate testing.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Link to appearance
Colour and pattern vary with minor minerals and impurities; some red varieties may contain cinnabar; NOTE: appearance and colour alone cannot establish composition or authenticity and require identification.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Timescale
The sources give no absolute age for the formation of the relevant minerals.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Related base materials
- Kaolinite-group minerals (dickite/kaolinite): Common clay mineral component
- Pyrophyllite: One of the possible mineral components
Supporting findings
Dickite/kaolinite commonly form by hydrothermal alteration (or weathering) of aluminosilicate minerals, and also as authigenic sedimentary minerals.
Evidence grade BScope: Applies to kaolinite-group formation; a matrix source.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite
Both hydrothermal veins and bedded deposits hosted in schistose metamorphic rocks are settings in which pyrophyllite is found.
Evidence grade BScope: Describes pyrophyllite's occurrence; not all Changhua varieties.
Sources RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Recorded localities
Authoritative sources name a single or principal locality.
Asia
- Changhua, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ChinaMindat defines it narrowly as a yellow dickite variety; locality only
Sources Mindat: Changhua Stone
- Yuyan Mountain, Changhua, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Chinafrom the Mindat chicken-blood stone locality list
Sources Mindat: Chicken-Blood Stone
These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.
Where the name comes from
The name changhua stone is not given an etymology by the cited sources; the etymologies belong to its parent minerals: dickite honours the Scottish metallurgical chemist Allan Brugh Dick (1833–1926), who first described the species; kaolinite is from a corruption of the Chinese Kauling, 'high ridge', for a Chinese occurrence; pyrophyllite is from the Greek for fire and leaf, in allusion to its exfoliating into fan shapes when heated. These etymologies belong to those parent minerals, not to the trade name.
Evidence grade BScope: The etymology explains the origin of a name only; it does not attest composition, locality, naturalness or treatment, and here belongs to the parent mineral rather than to the trade name itself.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Kaolinite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Other research findings
Changhua stone is a rock (mineral aggregate) whose composition varies by variety, commonly kaolinite-group minerals and possibly pyrophyllite; it is not a single mineral species, and red colour should not be used to determine composition.
Evidence grade CScope: Defines identity and compositional variability; the cited authoritative sources do not define Changhua stone as a species.
Sources RRUFF Dickite · RRUFF Pyrophyllite
Limits of this research
- Research status: No authoritative source specific to this material was found; findings come from the parent material or are marked as gaps
- "Changhua stone" is a Chinese carving-stone name with no mineralogical definition in the cited sources, so it is treated as a rock aggregate and flagged as lacking an authoritative definition.
- Composition varies by variety and no single-species claim is made; the colouring mineral of red varieties must be identified separately and is not decided by colour.
- No specific deposit source was available.
Methodology
- Origin determination and its limits
- Quality grading and value factors
- How gemmology became a technical discipline
Evidence grades
- A
- Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
- B
- Institutional educational material
- C
- Specialist databases or cautious readings
A statement is never graded above its strongest source.
This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.
DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments
- Suggested listing name
- Changhua Stone (state the tested composition)
GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2 “Changhua Stone” · CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 7.1.4
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments recorded for this material: Filled / Fracture-filled, Dyed, Coated
Related:Disclosure and cautions
This page cannot answer
Natural? · Origin · Price
A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.
Related:What this page can answer
Answer at a glance
"Changhua Stone" is a market name rather than a mineral species name; before using it, verify: Laboratory identification required before the name is used.
Evidence
- GB/T · Table A.2, row 昌化石 (Changhua Stone)
What this means for you
Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Changhua Stone (state the tested composition)" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.
Known uncertainty
- This entry's exact material identity is not fully settled.
- See “Disclosure and cautions” above
- Last reviewed
- 2026-09-01
Trade-name ruling
- Laboratory identification required before the name is used.
- Suggested listing name
- Changhua Stone (state the tested composition)
Care and wear
No institutional care guidance is registered for this material yet; below are its durability indicators and general guidance.
Durability and wearing
Numbers in curly braces, such as {111}, are crystallographic face symbols (Miller indices): each marks a set of crystal faces or cleavage planes. They are reproduced as written in the cited source.
Daily wear
Its main component (dickite) is only Mohs 2–2.5 with perfect {001} cleavage and flexible-but-inelastic tenacity; it is very soft, easily scratched and cleaves into sheets, and is a seal/carving material rather than daily-wear.
Care
Wipe with a dry soft cloth and, if needed, a barely damp cloth dried at once; avoid rubbing, soaking and bending, and never scrape with hard objects or use ultrasonic cleaning (basis: source records perfect cleavage and Mohs 2–2.5).
General guidance: LumaLark's general guidance inferred from the material's properties (hardness, toughness, cleavage); not text from the cited source, and not a guarantee for any specific piece.
Scope: This field describes the general physical properties of changhua stone as a material; it makes no durability or safety promise for any specific finished product. Durability of treated (e.g. filled, dyed, coated) or assembled/composite pieces must be assessed separately for the individual item.
Treatments and identification leads
One row per treatment, with three standards side by side: how often it occurs and how stable it is (CIBJO), its category in GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (this site's paraphrase) and how the JJA/AGL 2025 table lists it. Each CIBJO value links to its entry under “Testing and market”, where the wording and source are given in full.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Treatment | Market frequency (CIBJO) | Stability (CIBJO) | GB/T 16552 category | JJA/AGL listing | Identification leads |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fillingStatus: treated | — | — | Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1 | — | See identification leads |
| coatingStatus: treated | — | — | Treatment | — | See identification leads |
| dyeingStatus: colour treated | — | — | Treatment | — | See identification leads |
Where each treatment acts (schematics): Filled / Fracture-filled · Coated · Dyed
“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: GB/T 16553—2017; GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1
Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):
- GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
- CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15
What this table covers
What this page can give
- Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
- Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing
VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources
Names
Standard and listing namesThe Chinese formal name for Changhua Stone is given in GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2, and the suggested listing name is Changhua Stone (stating the tested composition). Names in four languagesThe four-language names are given in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English (Changhua Stone) and Japanese; the entry's own Japanese name is written in kanji, and the Japanese GSJ wording for this name is not yet verified by this site. Trade and mineralogical namesThe mineralogical name is given as Chinese carving stone, with variable mineral composition. Institution usageAmong authority wordings, the FTC and CIBJO source texts have no wording for this name (checked), and GIA and Gem-A have not been checked; bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name, which does not represent their position.
- GSJ (Japan) formal name
- 昌化石 (not yet checked for this body — the entry's own Japanese name is shown)
- Chinese formal name
- 昌化石 (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2)
- Mineralogical name
- Chinese carving stone; mineral composition varies
Four-language names
- 简体中文
- 昌化石
- 繁體中文
- 昌化石
- English
- Changhua Stone
- 日本語
- 昌化石
See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index
Classification
- Origin
- Natural materials
- Material domain
- Natural inorganic gem materials
- Browsing family
- Rocks and polymineral aggregates
- Identity tier
- Rock / mineral aggregate
- Mineral chemical class
- Mixed / composition-dependent
- Construction or treatment status
- Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments listed by standards
In the Changhua Stone row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1, the optimizations and treatments listed for Changhua Stone are: filling, which improves or changes durability and appearance and is graded; dyeing, which improves or changes colour and is classed as treatment; and coating, which improves or changes lustre, colour and other aspects of appearance and is classed as treatment. The graded definitions for filling and the notes to Table B.1 are on the Gem treatments page.
GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1
Table B.1, row “Changhua Stone” (p.17):
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| Method | Effect | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Filling | Improves or changes durability and appearance | Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1 |
| Dyeing | Improves or changes colour | Treatment |
| Coating | Improves or changes lustre, colour and other aspects of appearance | Treatment |
What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.
What it is and how it's identified
The material facts registered for Changhua Stone under GB/T 16553—2017 are: composition depends on the kinds and proportions of the minerals it contains; the structure is a crystalline aggregate with a compact massive structure; Mohs hardness 2–4; density 2.5–2.7 g/cm³; optic character that of an anisotropic aggregate; refractive index 1.56; and birefringence that cannot be measured on the aggregate. This site notes that the refractive index is a reading commonly obtained by the spot method in the cited clause, a typical value rather than an absolute limit, and that hardness alone is not enough to judge durability. For untreated Changhua Stone, fluorescence is usually absent; the body colour is pale yellow, white, grey, brownish purple, black and other colours; and the lustre is greasy or waxy. This site notes that in Chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour item of the clauses for chicken-blood stone, shell, tortoiseshell and other varieties also mentions yellow or yellowish colours. The UV-visible spectrum is not diagnostic; in the infrared spectrum, vibrations of Si-O and other groups in the clay minerals form characteristic bands in the mid-infrared fingerprint region, and OH vibrations form characteristic bands in the functional-group region.
Registered material facts
Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.
Definition
Changhua Stone — composition (chemistry): set by which minerals are present and in what proportions
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Structure
Changhua Stone — structure (overall): a crystalline aggregate with a compact massive structure
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Durability
Changhua Stone — Mohs hardness: 2–4
GB/T 16553—2017
Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- General note
- hardness only, not durability
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — cleavage: generally not seen on an aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Physical properties
Changhua Stone — density: 2.5–2.7 g/cm³
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Optical
Changhua Stone — optic character: anisotropic aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — refractive index: 1.56
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives this as a value commonly read by the spot (distant-vision) method. It is a common value, not an absolute limit.
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — birefringence: not measurable on an aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — pleochroism: not measurable on an aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — fluorescence (overall): generally none
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — spectrum (UV-visible): non-characteristic
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — spectrum (infrared): In the fingerprint part of the mid-IR, the vibrations of Si-O and similar groups in the clay minerals produce characteristic absorption bands; OH vibration does the same in the functional group region.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-22)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Changhua Stone — magnification: structure ranging from cryptocrystalline to finely granular, compact massive structure.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone — body colour: light yellow, white, grey, brown purple, black, etc.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
In chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour entries of Chicken-blood Stone, Shell, Turtle Shell and other variety clauses also name yellow or a yellowish colour.
- General note
- colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Quality factors
Changhua Stone — quality factor (lustre): greasy or waxy
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.56 / 2.6; Closest values: 1Balin Stone 1.56 / 2.55, 2Charoite 1.554 / 2.66, 3Bamboo Coral 1.57 / 2.65, 4Amethyst 1.548 / 2.67, 5Synthetic Emerald 1.565 / 2.69
Show the full chart (330 registered materials)
Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22
Testing and market
How far testing can go
Changhua Stone that has undergone filling can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the surface luster of the filled part differs from the host jade and gas bubbles show in the filled area; under long- and short-wave UV the filled part mostly fluoresces differently from the host jade; infrared spectra show characteristic absorption bands of the filler; luminescence imaging (UV fluorescence viewer and similar) shows how the filler is distributed.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- treated
- Does this standard apply
- can be followed as a reference only
- Treatment
- filling
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (filling) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone that has undergone coating can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the surface luster is abnormal and the film can be seen peeling off in places; refractive index readings may be abnormal; infrared and Raman spectra show characteristic peaks of the film.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- treated
- Does this standard apply
- can be followed as a reference only
- Treatment
- coating
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (coating) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Changhua Stone that has undergone dyeing can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the colour is unevenly distributed and mostly concentrated in fissures, between grains or in surface hollows; the dye may respond to long- and short-wave UV with an unusual fluorescence; compositional analysis (XRF and similar) detects foreign elements of the dye such as Pb.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- colour treated
- Does this standard apply
- can be followed as a reference only
- Treatment
- dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-21
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.34 (dyeing) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-21
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Clause-level definitions
Changhua Stone has a clause-level definition in GB/T 16552—2017 Annex A, registered under the entry Changhua Stone and defined as a Chinese carving stone of variable mineral composition. The cross-check result is registered as listed directly by GB/T, with no CIBJO entry under the same standalone heading found.
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| Term | Clause | Definition | Cross-check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changhua Stone | GB/T 16552-2017 Annex A | Chinese carving stone; mineral composition varies | Listed directly by GB/T; CIBJO carries no standalone entry under the same name. |
Evidence and sources
Authority basis and clause sources
Sources
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. Gemmological Laboratories Book (Blue Book), Gemmological Commission 2024-1.
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. The Gemstone Book (Blue Book), 2022.
- SAMR / SAC (China). GB/T 16552—2017 Gems — Nomenclature.
- RRUFF Project, in partnership with the IMA – International Mineralogical Association. IMA Mineral List.
- Geological Survey of Japan, AIST (Japan). Museum mineral specimens, browse by classification.
Further reading
Related entries and topic cluster
Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.
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| Page | Content | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Browsing family | Rocks and polymineral aggregates | Live |
| Treatments recorded for this material | Filled / Fracture-filled, Dyed, Coated | Live |
| Related articles | To be added (placeholder) | Planned |
Who maintains this page
The material facts in the Changhua Stone entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.