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Natural inorganic gem materials · Mineral / gemstone variety · Natural; common industry optimization (verify with certificate)

Aquamarine

The blue to blue-green variety of beryl. Its GB/T basic name is "Aquamarine", and heat treatment to reduce green tones is common. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.

Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.

FAQCare and wear

Questions people ask about Aquamarine

Every sentence below is followed by the registered fact it rests on; answers add no new facts and promise no outcome.

Q1How can you tell if an aquamarine is real?

Colour alone cannot tell natural aquamarine from synthetic or treated beryl; a gemmologist relies on growth features and inclusions seen under the microscope and on trace elements detected by EDXRF.G&G Winter 2016Synthetic aquamarine is commercially available.CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.What this page can answer

Q2Is aquamarine usually heat-treated?

Heating can turn iron-coloured blue-green or yellow beryl blue; the resulting colour is stable and hard to detect.GB/T 16553—2017Aquamarine heated to remove a yellow component for a pure blue needs only normal care.AGTA Gemstone Information Manual, 17th ed.Fracture filling also occurs; under magnification the exposed filler has a different surface lustre from the stone and may show a flash effect and gas bubbles.GB/T 16553—2017

Q3Does aquamarine lose its colour in sunlight?

Aquamarine's colour is described as stable in light.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)For display, case heat, sunlight and artificial light are all rated relatively safe.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)The exception noted under the parent entry Beryl is Maxixe-type beryl, irradiated to a dark blue, which fades in light.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin) (via parent entry Beryl)

Q4Is aquamarine durable enough for an everyday ring?

At Mohs 7.5 to 8 it is a durable jewellery stone, as long as it is protected from scratches and hard knocks.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)Large stones in rings, which take knocks easily, need care; on square shapes, prongs on the corners protect the points from chipping.CIBJO Retailers' Reference Guide (2021)

Q5How do you clean aquamarine safely?

Warm soapy water is always safe; ultrasonic and steam cleaning are usually fine unless the stone has liquid inclusions or fractures.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)The occasional fracture-filled stone should be cleaned only with warm soapy water.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)Heat exposure is not advised.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)Hydrofluoric acid can attack it.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Q6What makes aquamarine blue?

Its blue to blue-green colour comes from trace elements in beryl.G&G Summer 2025Its composition is recorded as Be3Al2Si6O18 with elements such as iron.GB/T 16553—2017

Q7Where does aquamarine form?

Aquamarine forms mainly in granitic pegmatites, where elements such as beryllium become concentrated in the last fluid left as the magma crystallizes.G&G Summer 2025Gem-quality crystals grow most often in open pockets in the core of the pegmatite, and beryl crystals can reach metre-scale sizes.G&G Summer 2025

Q8What does aquamarine symbolize, and does it have healing powers?

There is no scientific evidence that aquamarine has healing powers: the UK advertising regulators ASA and CAP state that they have not seen evidence that crystal therapy can treat medical conditions.ASA/CAP guidance (UK)Its recorded cultural role is as a March birthstone: Jewelers of America and Japan's JJA list it for March, and the U.K. National Association of Jewellers lists it as traditional for March.Cultural records

Q9What makes good-quality aquamarine?

The most favoured aquamarine colour is a dark blue to slightly greenish blue of moderately strong intensity, and in general the purer and more intense the blue, the more highly the stone is rated; most faceted aquamarines are eye-clean.GIA Aquamarine Quality Factors

What this page can answer

This page covers

What we cannot conclude

  • Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
  • Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
  • Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.

Material research: formation, causes and history

What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.

How it forms

Aquamarine is the blue to blue-green gem variety of beryl, and its most important formation environment is the same as that of beryl: granitic pegmatite. Pegmatites form from residual water- and volatile-rich fluid at the final stage of granitic magma crystallization, during which incompatible elements such as beryllium are enriched and made available for beryl to crystallize. Gem beryl crystals commonly grow in open pockets in the core and central zones, including miarolitic pegmatites, and individual crystals can reach very large sizes.

Scope: Covers the predominantly granitic-pegmatite origin of natural gem-quality beryl (aquamarine); does not cover beryl of other origins or treated material.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Where it forms

Granitic pegmatites, including miarolitic pegmatite dikes intruded at shallow crustal depths

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Residual water- and volatile-rich fluid at the final stage of crystallization, enriched in incompatible elements such as beryllium

Sources G&G Summer 2025

How it forms, step by step

  1. A water- and volatile-rich residual fluid separates during the final stage of granitic magma crystallization

    Sources G&G Summer 2025
  2. The residual fluid crystallizes while cooling from the outside inward, gradually enriching incompatible elements such as beryllium

    Sources G&G Summer 2025
  3. Gem beryl crystals grow in open pockets in the core and central zones (including miarolitic cavities), with individual crystals reaching very large sizes

    Sources G&G Summer 2025

Link to appearance

The blue to blue-green colour of aquamarine is caused by trace elements in beryl; free growth in open pockets also favours clean, transparent gem-quality material.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Timescale

The cited authoritative texts do not state a specific growth duration or absolute age for aquamarine/beryl crystals.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Related base materials

  • Beryl (beryl group): Parent mineral species: aquamarine is the blue to blue-green variety of beryl

Supporting findings

During pegmatite formation incompatible elements such as beryllium are enriched in the residual fluid, supplying the components needed for beryl (including aquamarine) to crystallize.

Evidence grade A

Scope: The source lists beryllium among the enriched elements; it does not discuss the aquamarine variety specifically, so this cites the beryl-group mechanism generally.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Gem beryl crystals can grow in open pockets of miarolitic pegmatite dikes and can reach considerable size.

Evidence grade B

Scope: The source cites a single aquamarine crystal from the Skardu District of Pakistan; a single-locality example should not be generalised worldwide.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Gem-quality pegmatite crystals occur most often in open pockets in the core and central zones, and beryl crystals can reach metre-scale sizes.

Evidence grade A

Scope: The large sizes are reported maxima for several pegmatite minerals (including beryl), not a typical crystal size.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

Recorded localities

Authoritative sources list the localities below; the list is not exhaustive.

Locality sketch mapLand outlines only; the map does not depict any national or regional boundary. Dots mark approximate positions. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain).

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.

Human use and museum objects

Collection evidence shows that objects directly labelled aquamarine are all 19th-20th century necklaces (Met 48.187.509-48.187.512); the earlier material in the same evidence is beryl parent material from Egyptian lumps of ca. 1802-1450 B.C. and an 8th-7th century BCE beryl-set ring (Met 11.151.643a-l, 74.51.4136). Aquamarine belongs to the beryl parent material and does not constitute an independent material history.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Applies to collection objects labelled aquamarine, whose mineral identity is beryl (blue variety); aquamarine is not treated as a material independent of beryl.

Sources The Met 48.187.509 · The Met 48.187.510 · The Met 48.187.511 +4

Aquamarine is the blue (to blue-green) variety of beryl, not an independent mineral; among the collection evidence cited here, the ancient objects are recorded under the beryl parent material. The Metropolitan Museum holds only four objects labelled aquamarine - all 19th-20th century necklaces (48.187.509, 48.187.510, 48.187.511, 48.187.512), which are modern jewellery. The earlier objects in the same evidence belong to beryl: raw beryl lumps from late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom Egypt (11.151.643a-l, ca. 1802-1450 B.C.), an 8th-7th century BCE beryl-set ring (74.51.4136), and a Roman necklace with pearls and beryl beads (25.192.1, 1st-2nd century CE). These earlier instances must be attributed to the beryl parent material and cannot be written as a history of aquamarine as an independent material.

Sources The Met 48.187.509 · The Met 48.187.510 · The Met 48.187.511 +4

Scope: A museum object evidences only the existence and date of that artefact itself; it does not establish widespread ancient use of the material, nor does it attest the origin, naturalness, or treatment of any modern specimen.

Objects cited

2000 BCE1000 BCE010002000Met 11.151.643a–lca. 1802–1450 B.C.Met 74.51.41368th–7th century BCEMet 25.192.11st–2nd century CEMet 48.187.50919th–20th centuryMet 48.187.51019th–20th centuryMet 48.187.51119th–20th centuryMet 48.187.51219th–20th century
Dates of museum objectsDates from the museums' open-access records (CC0); each bar spans the whole period named in the record, with qualifiers such as “early” or “possibly” kept in the label rather than turned into a narrower range; an arrow marks a record that reads “before” or “after” a yearSource: The Met / Cleveland Museum of Art open-access records

Cultural records for this material: Birthstone list.

How it is identified

Aquamarine is a beryl, and colour alone cannot tell natural from synthetic or treated beryl. As with emerald, a microscope shows growth features and inclusions that distinguish natural, flux- or hydrothermally grown and clarity-enhanced material, while EDXRF detects the trace elements and flux or crucible residues that separate synthesis. Judging any of this needs a trained gemmologist and instruments, and the verdict should come from a qualified gem laboratory.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Applies to the beryl group; separating natural, synthetic and treated material requires microscopic and chemical testing at a qualified gem laboratory, and is not a self-identification method.

Sources G&G Winter 2016

Aquamarine, the blue beryl, is often priced on locality, with goods traded under names such as Brazil, Madagascar or Pakistan. A locality name, however, is only a trade attribution and is not a determined origin. Origin work is a laboratory exercise: the deposit type is addressed first, then inclusion suites and trace-element suites (measured by methods such as laser ablation ICP-MS) are compared with reference databases for known localities to yield a conclusion of consistency or inconsistency with a source. Because the characteristic ranges of different localities overlap and vary within a single deposit, the conclusion is probabilistic and may be only inconclusive; heating, filling and diffusion alter the measurable features and must be excluded first. Origin cannot be inferred from appearance or name; an origin conclusion must be issued by a qualified laboratory for a specific specimen. This entry offers no self-test criteria or thresholds.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Origin cannot be inferred from appearance or name; an origin conclusion must be issued by a qualified laboratory for a specific specimen, and this entry provides no self-test criteria or thresholds.

Sources G&G Winter 2019 · G&G Summer 1998

Other research findings

Aquamarine is a gem variety of beryl, and beryl is one of the significant gem minerals of granitic pegmatites.

Evidence grade A

Scope: The source uses the general term 'beryl' and does not single out the aquamarine variety; treating aquamarine as the blue to blue-green beryl variety follows trade nomenclature.

Sources G&G Summer 2025

The largest faceted aquamarine (blue beryl) recorded by the 1988 GIA article Faceting Large Gemstones is a 2,594 ct stone in a private collection. This figure comes from 1988 literature and may since have been overtaken.

Evidence grade A

Scope: A record statement subject to change; the figure comes from 1988 literature and may since have been superseded. Concerns the aquamarine variety, not the beryl species record.

Sources G&G Spring 1988

The most favoured aquamarine colour is a dark blue to slightly greenish blue of moderately strong intensity; in general, the purer and more intense the blue, the more highly the stone is rated. Most faceted aquamarines are eye-clean.

Evidence grade B

Scope: Quality factors as described by one educational source; not a grading standard and not a statement about the value of any piece.

Sources GIA Aquamarine Quality Factors

Limits of this research

  • Research status: Formation, occurrence or other material-specific findings found in authoritative sources
  • This record reuses the GIA pegmatite review shared with tourmaline, with statements kept specific to beryl (aquamarine); no tourmaline-specific facts are mixed in.
  • The aquamarine variety is not singled out in the source, which mostly speaks of the beryl group.

Methodology

Evidence grades

A
Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
B
Institutional educational material
C
Specialist databases or cautious readings

A statement is never graded above its strongest source.

This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.

DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments

Suggested listing name
Aquamarine

GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1 “Aquamarine”, 5.1.1 a) · CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.21 “Aquamarine”

Construction or treatment status

Natural; common industry optimization (verify with certificate)

Treatments recorded for this material: Heated / Heat-treated, Filled / Fracture-filled, Irradiated

Related:Disclosure and cautions

This page cannot answer

Natural? · Origin · Price

A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.

Related:What this page can answer

Answer at a glance

The Chinese standard lists Aquamarine under a different Chinese name from its common trade name (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1); use "Aquamarine" for listings.

Evidence

  • GB/T · Table A.1, row 海蓝宝石 (Aquamarine (GB/T formal))

What this means for you

Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Aquamarine" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.

Known uncertainty

Last reviewed
2026-09-01

Care and wear

Normal care for every gemstone (CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.1), in brief:

  • Handle it gently.
  • Store pieces apart when not worn, so they cannot scratch each other.
  • Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
  • Use ultrasonic cleaners only with caution.

The §6.1 wording and the full list of §6.2 special-care letters cited on this page are on the general gem care page.

Care

care (cleaning)3 sources compared

Aquamarine — care (cleaning): Some stones are susceptible to damage from ultrasonic cleaning. Do not expose them to ultrasonic cleaning.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code j

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
fissure filling with oil, fissure filling with resin
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

Aquamarine — care (cleaning): ultrasonic and steamer: use caution; note: take extra care when liquid inclusions or feathers are present.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (cleaning): Warm soapy water is always safe; ultrasonic and steam cleaning are usually fine unless the stone has liquid inclusions or fractures.

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (cleaning): The occasional fracture-filled stone should be cleaned only with warm soapy water

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
filling
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (heat): Heat exposure is not advised

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (light): Its colour is stable in light

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

care (chemicals)2 sources compared

Aquamarine — care (chemicals): Treatments with dye, oil, resin, wax or plastic are not permanent; keep it away from all solvents (including dish-washing liquids), chemicals and heat.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code k

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
fissure filling with oil, fissure filling with resin
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

Aquamarine — care (chemicals): Hydrofluoric acid can attack it

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

care (wear)2 sources compared

Aquamarine — care (wear): cleaves or fractures easily or is brittle (e.g. rubbed facet edges); wear with care.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code b

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
fissure filling with oil, fissure filling with resin
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

Aquamarine — care (wear): Mohs 7.5 to 8 and durable in jewellery, as long as it is protected from scratches and hard knocks.

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (special care): heated to remove a yellow component for a pure blue: normal care.

AGTA Gemstone Information Manual, 17th ed.

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
heating
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

care (setting)2 sources compared

Aquamarine — care (setting): Wear large stones with care in easily knocked settings such as rings; on square shapes, put prongs on the corners to protect points and facet junctions from chipping.

CIBJO Retailers' Reference Guide (2021)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (setting): prong and bezel: relatively safe; flush and channel: use caution; pavé: avoid; note: it may contain liquid inclusions.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (repair): polishing: relatively safe; pickle pot and thermal shock: use caution; jeweller's torch: avoid; note: avoid heat when liquid inclusions or feathers are present.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — care (display): heat in the display case, sunlight and artificial light: relatively safe.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

Common care questions and matching entries

CleaningCleaning Aquamarine: stones treated by oil filling or resin filling of fissures must not be cleaned ultrasonically; for untreated stones, use caution with ultrasonic and steam cleaning, taking extra care when liquid inclusions or feathers are present; GIA material states that warm soapy water is always safe and that ultrasonic and steam cleaning are usually safe too, except for stones with liquid inclusions or fractures; stones are occasionally fracture-filled, and these should be cleaned only with warm soapy water. Chemicals: dyeing, oiling, resin impregnation, waxing and plastic impregnation are not permanent, and stones treated by oil filling or resin filling of fissures should be kept away from all solvents (including all detergents), chemicals and high heat; another entry states that Aquamarine is attacked by hydrofluoric acid. Heat and light: the entry says it should not be exposed to heat; the colour is stable to light; for untreated Aquamarine, display-case heat, daylight and artificial light are relatively safe. Wear: GIA material gives a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, making it a durable jewellery gem, but it should be protected from scratches and hard knocks; stones treated by oil filling or resin filling of fissures are prone to breaking and should be worn with care. Whether each entry fully answers a specific care question goes by the entry wording.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

QuestionMatching entries
Can it go in an ultrasonic or steam cleaner?care (cleaning); ultrasonic and steamer: use caution; note: take extra care when liquid inclusions or feathers are present; Warm soapy water is always safe; ultrasonic and steam cleaning are usually fine unless the stone has liquid inclusions or fractures; The occasional fracture-filled stone should be cleaned only with warm soapy water
Heat and thermal shockHeat exposure is not advised; polishing: relatively safe; pickle pot and thermal shock: use caution; jeweller's torch: avoid; note: avoid heat when liquid inclusions or feathers are present
Light and displayIts colour is stable in light; heat in the display case, sunlight and artificial light: relatively safe
Contact with acids, alkalis and household chemicalsTreatments with dye, oil, resin, wax or plastic are not permanent; keep it away from all solvents (including dish-washing liquids), chemicals and heat; Hydrofluoric acid can attack it
Wearing limits (knocks, settings)cleaves or fractures easily or is brittle (e.g. rubbed facet edges); wear with care; Mohs 7.5 to 8 and durable in jewellery, as long as it is protected from scratches and hard knocks; Wear large stones with care in easily knocked settings such as rings; on square shapes, put prongs on the corners to protect points and facet junctions from chipping; prong and bezel: relatively safe; flush and channel: use caution; pavé: avoid; note: it may contain liquid inclusions

Care entries by treatment state

The same entries grouped by the treatment state each applies to; each links to its full wording and source. Letters are CIBJO special-care codes, explained on the gemstone care page.

untreated

any treatment state

treated (Only after these treatments: fissure filling with oil, fissure filling with resin)

treated (Only after these treatments: filling)

treated (Only after these treatments: heating)

Treatments and identification leads

Registered treatmentsThe treatments registered for Aquamarine are fissure filling with oil, fissure filling with resin, irradiation, heating and filling. Stability and frequencyFissure filling with oil and fissure filling with resin both have the status treated and stability marked unstable, with prevalence occasional and common respectively; irradiation has the status irradiated or dyed; heating and filling have the status treated. Values not givenIrradiation, heating and filling also carry identification leads and a source clause; wherever the register shows “—”, the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TreatmentMarket frequency (CIBJO)Stability (CIBJO)GB/T 16552 categoryJJA/AGL listingIdentification leads
fissure filling with oilStatus: treatedoccasionallyunstable———
fissure filling with resinStatus: treatedcommonlyunstable———
irradiationStatus: irradiated or dyed——Treatment—See identification leads
heatingStatus: treated——OptimizationheatingSee identification leads
fillingStatus: treated——Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1—See identification leads

“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022 · GB/T 16553—2017; GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1; JJA/AGL 2025

Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):

  • GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
  • CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15

What this table covers

What this page can give

  • Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
  • Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing

How lab reports word it

A general LMHC wording rule also covers Aquamarine (Information Sheet #0): see the LMHC rule “What every report states”.

A general LMHC wording rule also covers Aquamarine (Information Sheet #8): see the LMHC rule “When colour authenticity cannot be determined”.

VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources

Names

The name register below lists one name for Aquamarine in a non-Latin script: 1 with no restriction recorded on use as a name.

Standard and listing namesThe GB/T 16552—2017 formal name for Aquamarine is the full Chinese name in Table A.1, while a shorter Chinese form is the common trade name, and both names are given when listing. Names in four languagesFour-language names are given in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English (Aquamarine) and Japanese, the Japanese form being the formal name of Japan's GSJ. Candidate search termsThe JJA/AGL 2025 handbook, p.16, also registers an alternative katakana transliteration, used only as a candidate search term. National standard namesGermany (RAL) writes Aquamarin and the EU writes Aquamarine. Institution usageOn authority wording, GIA and CIBJO wording is on record, the FTC text on file has no wording for this name, and Gem-A is unchecked; bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name, which does not represent their position.

Name register

Every name recorded for this entry, with how it is classified, whether it may be matched to this entry automatically, whether it may be used as a product name, and the clause it rests on.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

NameTypeMatchingUse as a nameBasis
no restriction recorded (1)
アクワマリンJapanesetransliterationsearch candidate onlyno restriction recordedJJA/AGL Gemstone Nomenclature 2025 p.16

How each authority words this name: see Names › Authority wording.

Authority wording

GIA, FTC, CIBJO, Gem-A
Aquamarine (on record for GIA, CIBJO; no wording for this name in the FTC text on file; Gem-A unchecked — bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name)
GSJ (Japan) formal name
アクアマリン
Chinese formal name
海蓝宝石 (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1)
Mineralogical name
Blue to blue-green beryl
GB/T formal-name entry
海蓝宝石 / Aquamarine (GB/T formal)

Four-language names

简体中文
海蓝宝
繁體中文
海藍寶
English
Aquamarine
日本語
アクアマリン

National and regional formal names

Germany (RAL)
Aquamarin
European Union
Aquamarine

Qualifiers stripped from the headline name

  • GIA: (blue to green-blue beryl)
  • CIBJO: (beryl variety; commonly heat-treated)

See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index

Classification

Origin
Natural materials
Material domain
Natural inorganic gem materials
Browsing family
Beryl minerals and gem varieties
Identity tier
Mineral / gemstone variety
Mineral chemical class
Silicates
Construction or treatment status
Natural; common industry optimization (verify with certificate)

Treatments listed by standards

GB/T Table B.1For Aquamarine, the "Aquamarine" row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1 lists: heating (category: optimization), filling (improves or changes durability and appearance; graded, see 5.4.1), and irradiation (category: treatment). JJA/AGL designationsThe Japanese JJA/AGL 2025 nomenclature also lists Aquamarine under the species beryl, with colours blue and greenish blue, noting that the table includes a no-treatment grade and that heating is recorded as heat treatment. GB/T Table B.1What Table B.1 is, and how the "see 5.4.1" grades are defined, are on this site's Gem treatments page.

GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1

Table B.1, row “Aquamarine” (p.14):

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

MethodEffectCategory
HeatingImproves colourOptimization
FillingImproves or changes durability and appearanceGraded — see §5.4.1, Table 1
IrradiationChanges colourTreatment

What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.

JJA/AGL (Japan) table of principal gem names, 2025

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

Gem nameSpeciesColourListed in the tableNotes
AquamarineBerylblue, greenish bluean untreated tier is listed; heating (Heated / Heat-treated)

JJA/AGL definitions and nomenclature (2025 revision), table of principal gem names, p.16

How to read the JJA/AGL table: see the Gem treatments page.

What it is and how it's identified

The material facts table for Aquamarine records: composition beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18, containing Fe and other elements), crystalline and hexagonal, with a hexagonal prismatic crystal habit and commonly longitudinal striations on the crystal faces; Mohs hardness 7.5–8, with one direction of imperfect cleavage; density 2.67–2.9 g/cm³ (clause value 2.72, tolerance +0.18/−0.05, from which the range is derived); refractive index 1.56–1.6 (clause value 1.577–1.583, tolerance ±0.017, from which the range is derived); birefringence 0.005–0.009, with an optic character that is anisotropic, uniaxial negative; and a vitreous lustre for untreated Aquamarine. Every row carries its source and check date, so each can be traced back individually.

Registered material facts

Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.

Definition

Aquamarine — composition (chemistry): Be3Al2Si6O18, elements such as Fe may be contained.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — composition (phase): beryl

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Structure

Aquamarine — structure (overall): crystalline

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — structure (crystal system): hexagonal

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — structure (crystal habit): hexagonal prismatic crystals, whose faces usually show lengthwise striations.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Durability

Aquamarine — Mohs hardness: 7.5–8

GB/T 16553—2017

123456789107.5–8References (diamond = value, bar = range; below)

Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))

Mohs hardnessSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
General note
hardness only, not durability
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — cleavage: imperfect in one direction

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

For Aquamarine, the stability of fissure filling with oil is “unstable”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
fissure filling with oil
Qualification

This says how well the treatment holds up, not how durable Aquamarine itself is.

General note
no durability verdict here
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

For Aquamarine, the stability of fissure filling with resin is “unstable”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
fissure filling with resin
Qualification

This says how well the treatment holds up, not how durable Aquamarine itself is.

General note
no durability verdict here
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Physical properties

Aquamarine — density: 2.67–2.9 g/cm³

GB/T 16553—2017

0.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.52.67–2.9
Specific gravitySource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

The clause we cite gives 2.72, with a stated tolerance of +0.18 / -0.05. The range shown here is worked out from that.

Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Optical

Optical effects on record: chatoyancyrepresentative example: cause in Tiger’s Eye (schematic)

Aquamarine — optic character: uniaxial, optically negative (anisotropic)

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — refractive index: 1.56–1.6

GB/T 16553—2017

1.31.72.12.52.93.31.56–1.6
Refractive indexSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

The clause we cite gives 1.577–1.583, with a stated tolerance of ±0.017. The range shown here is worked out from that.

Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — birefringence: 0.005–0.009

GB/T 16553—2017

00.050.10.150.20.250.30.005–0.009
BirefringenceSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — pleochroism: weak to moderate: blue and green-blue, or blue in differing tones.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — fluorescence (overall): none

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — spectrum (UV-visible): 537 nm weak absorption peak; 456 nm weak absorption peak; 427 nm strong absorption peak; 370 nm absorption peak; becomes stronger as the colour deepens.

GB/T 16553—2017

350400450500550600650700 nm370427456537
Absorption spectrum (schematic)Line = absorption peak; hatching = absorption band; heavier or darker = higher recorded strength grade (not a measured intensity); Schematic: positions and strength grades as given by the cited source, not a measured curveSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — spectrum (infrared): Diagnostic mid-IR bands arise from Si-O and similar groups in beryl; aquamarine that has been filled departs from natural aquamarine in its functional-group-region bands.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-22)
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Aquamarine — optical effect (chatoyancy): seen

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — magnification: gas-liquid inclusions, three-phase inclusions, mineral inclusions, parallel tube inclusions, growth striations.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

body colour2 sources compared

Aquamarine — body colour: light blue, or green-blue through blue-green, usually in pale tones.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

In chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour entries of Dioptase, Malachite, Emerald and other variety clauses also name blue or a bluish colour.

General note
colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — body colour: blue to blue-green.

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Treatment state
untreated
Qualification

In chapter 7 of the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book, the colour descriptions of Chrysocolla, Dioptase, Lagoon Tourmaline and other entries also name blue or a bluish colour.

General note
colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

How the sources relate

GB/T 16553—2017 and CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

consistent

The two entries agree on the colour: blue to blue-green. GB/T 16553—2017 adds that the tone is usually light.

CIBJO definitions
chatoyancy

Quality factors

Aquamarine — quality factor (lustre): vitreous

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

1.551.561.571.581.591.62.62.72.82.93Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Aquamarine

This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.58 / 2.79; Closest values: 1Qingtian Stone 1.565 / 2.77, 2Natural Conch Pearl / Natural Melo Pearl 1.595 / 2.84, 3Calcite 1.572 / 2.7, 4Brucite 1.57 / 2.89, 5Synthetic Emerald 1.565 / 2.69

Show the full chart (330 registered materials)1.41.51.61.71.81.922.12.22.32.41234567Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Aquamarine

Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22

Refractive index × specific gravity (all registered materials)Each dot is one material's registered refractive index and specific gravity (range midpoints, not measurements); gold = this material, dark = the nearest few (picked on this site by distance in RI ÷ 0.02 and SG ÷ 0.1, leaving out near-identical varieties of the same species)Source: each material's registered refractive index and specific gravity facts (GB/T 16553 and others; sources on each entry)

Testing and market

Heat treatment of Aquamarine is hard to detect: blue-green and yellow beryl coloured by iron can turn blue on heating, and the colour is stable. Filling can be identified: under magnification the exposed filler has a lustre different from the host stone, filled areas may show a flash effect and gas bubbles, infrared spectroscopy can detect the filler's characteristic bands, and luminescence imaging (for example a UV fluorescence viewer) can show where the filler lies. The identification leads for irradiation are: the colour is commonly blue to purple-blue, the UV-visible spectrum shows characteristic absorption peaks caused by irradiation colour centres, and green fluorescence appears under long-wave UV. These leads are cited from GB/T 16553—2017, which can be followed for Aquamarine as a reference only and does not govern it directly. Synthetic Aquamarine is available on the market. Only a laboratory report can say whether a particular Aquamarine is natural or treated.

The tests the CIBJO laboratory protocol requires for this material, and what each method means, are in the protocol table on the laboratory testing page: §6.1.8.

How far testing can go

Aquamarine that has undergone irradiation can be identified by the following features: The colour is commonly blue to purple-blue; the UV-visible spectrum shows the absorption peaks of irradiation colour centres; green fluorescence appears under long-wave UV.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
irradiated or dyed
Does this standard apply
can be followed as a reference only
Treatment
irradiation
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (irradiation) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine that has undergone heating can be identified by the following features: Heating blue-green and yellow beryl coloured by iron can turn it blue; the result is stable and not easy to detect.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
treated
Does this standard apply
can be followed as a reference only
Treatment
heating
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (heating) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine that has undergone filling can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the exposed part of the filler has a surface luster differing from that of the host stone, and the filled area may show a flash effect and gas bubbles; infrared spectra show characteristic absorption bands of the filler; luminescence imaging (such as a UV fluorescence viewer) shows how the filler is distributed.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
treated
Does this standard apply
can be followed as a reference only
Treatment
filling
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.8 (filling) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Aquamarine — synthetic counterpart on the market: A synthetic counterpart of this material is commercially available

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

For Aquamarine in trade, the reported frequency of fissure filling with oil is “occasionally”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
fissure filling with oil
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

For Aquamarine in trade, the reported frequency of fissure filling with resin is “commonly”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
fissure filling with resin
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Aquamarine — what the CIBJO laboratory protocol says to watch for: heat treatment, irradiation (Maxixe), clarity enhancement, coatings, synthetics.

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Aquamarine — notes on test methods in the CIBJO laboratory protocol:

CIBJO laboratory protocol, in its own order; only the notes registered on this site
Test methodWhat the protocol notes for it
Phenomena: Cat’s-eye;
Hydrostatic weighing (specific gravity): If RI not possible (rough);
EDXRF chemistry: If synthetic or irradiation is suspected

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

Clause-level definitions

Aquamarine has a direct definition in the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 under the entry Aquamarine; the cross-check result for that clause is “defined directly by CIBJO; also appears in the GB/T annex”. The tests the CIBJO laboratory protocol requires for Aquamarine, and what each method means, are given in the protocol table on the laboratory testing page.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TermClauseDefinitionCross-check
Aquamarine7.2.1.21See the CIBJO original entry. (7.2.1.21)Defined directly by CIBJO; also present in the GB/T annex.

Evidence and sources

Authority basis and clause sources

GB/T 16552—2017
Listed Table A.1 “Aquamarine” · Source
GB/T 16552—2017
Naming rule 5.1.1 a) · Source
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Listed §7.2.1.21 “Aquamarine” · Source
IMA Mineral List 2026-07
Listed “Beryl” · Source

Sources

Further reading

Recorded cultural contexts

Birthstone list

The U.S. Jewelers of America roster lists Aquamarine for March; the U.K. National Association of Jewellers chart lists Aquamarine as traditional for March; and Japan's JJA 2021 revised roster lists Aquamarine for March. This records trade-association convention only; it does not establish material identity, natural origin, treatment, provenance, or effect.

Relation
Industry list inclusion

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

Publisher or holderRegionFrom / periodSource and locator
Jewelers of AmericaUnited States1912 to the presentJewelers of America, “Birthstone Jewelry” (web page, consulted 2026-08-22)
Birthstone roster table, March row: Aquamarine
Japan Jewellery AssociationJapanfrom 20 December 2021Tanjoseki (Japanese birthstone roster, Japan Jewellery Association page; revision of 20 December 2021)
2021 revised birthstone roster, March row: Aquamarine
National Association of JewellersUnited Kingdom—National Association of Jewellers, “Zodiac Birthstones Jewellery: Star Signs, Gemstones and Their Meaning” (web page, consulted 2026-08-22)
Zodiac birthstone chart, March row: Aquamarine (Traditional)

Related entries and topic cluster

Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.

Related-entry tree for Beryl on this site: 11 entries listed by this site's parent-entry links; synthetic, treated and similar entries carry their recorded state after the name; this page (Aquamarine) is marked.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

PageContentStatus
Browsing familyBeryl minerals and gem varietiesLive
Treatments recorded for this materialHeated / Heat-treated, Filled / Fracture-filled, IrradiatedLive
Related articlesTo be added (placeholder)Planned

Who maintains this page

The material facts in the Aquamarine entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.

Facts editor
Ralph
Reviewer
June
How facts are checked
Each fact is matched to the clause it cites; facts checked between 2026-09-21 and 2026-09-26
Last revised
2026-10-13
Purpose
Lets buyers and sellers check naming, disclosure and material facts clause by clause.

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