On this page
UnderstandWhat it is, what people ask, how far this page goes
Natural inorganic gem materials · Trade name: colour / appearance variety · Natural identity; treatment status unknown
White Nephrite
The white color sub-variety under Hetian Yu (Nephrite); the color name cannot replace origin determination or evidence of treatment. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.
Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.
What this page can answer
This page covers
- How White Nephrite forms and what gives its colourFormation setting, process and timescale; where its colour and optical effects come from, each finding graded and sourced
- How to identify White NephriteHow far lab testing can go
- Treatments and enhancements of White NephriteThe enhancements and treatments the GB/T and JJA/AGL tables list
- Caring for and wearing White NephriteCleaning, heat, chemicals and light, as the cited sources give them; durability indicators and wearing advice
- Hardness, density and refractive index of White NephriteEach value with its source and check date
- White Nephrite in English, Chinese and Japanese; national standard namesNames in four languages, the GB/T standard name and the suggested listing name; and: Has any of GIA, FTC, CIBJO or Gem-A put a name for it on record here?
- Name origin and history of White NephriteWhere the name comes from
- Listing and disclosing White NephriteThe listing name to use; what must be disclosed before sale
- Standard clauses that define White NephriteWhich clause defines it, each cross-checked
What we cannot conclude
- Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
- Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
- Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.
Material research: formation, causes and history
What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.
How it forms
Baiyu denotes white nephrite. Its material basis is a fine-grained fibrous (interlocking/felted) aggregate of tremolite-actinolite series amphibole of metamorphic origin, formed chiefly by metasomatism (hydrothermal metamorphism): silica-rich fluids replacing dolomite-rich rocks, or calcium-rich fluids reacting with serpentinites, with tremolite and ferro-actinolite as end members. No parent-level fact is claimed as unique to this colour name.
Scope: Applies to the material-level genetic description of "white nephrite" as a Chinese colour-based trade name for nephrite; its colour boundaries are not treated as verifiable standard clauses.
Sources G&G Summer 2023 · GIA Jade Description
Where it forms
Contact-metamorphic setting: Ca-Mg siliceous sediments heated by an igneous body.
Sources G&G Summer 2023
Regional metamorphism / greenschist facies: low-grade metamorphism of ultramafic or magnesium-carbonate rocks.
Sources G&G Summer 2023
Hydrothermal metasomatic (hydrothermal-metamorphic) setting: silica-rich fluids replacing dolomite-rich rocks, or calcium-rich fluids reacting with serpentinites.
Sources G&G Summer 2023
How it forms, step by step
Protolith in place: dolomite-rich / magnesium-carbonate rock or ultramafic rock exists in contact with an igneous body or fluid system.
Fluid metasomatism: silica-rich fluid enters dolomitic rock, or calcium-rich fluid reacts with serpentinite (metasomatism).
Tremolite-actinolite crystallises: amphibole forms via the reaction 5 dolomite + 8 aqueous silica + water → tremolite + 3 calcite + 7 aqueous carbon dioxide.
Fibrous interlocking (felted) aggregate develops: fine fibrous crystals interlock into a dense, tough jade.
Link to appearance
The fine interlocking fibrous texture makes nephrite exceptionally tough and carvable and gives its translucent-to-opaque, waxy look; colour varies with composition and iron content, generally more muted than jadeite.
Sources G&G Summer 2023 · GIA Jade Description · Handbook of Mineralogy
Timescale
The available sources give no absolute geological age or date for nephrite formation.
Sources G&G Summer 2023 · GIA Jade Description
Related base materials
- Nephrite: Fibrous aggregate of amphiboles of the tremolite–actinolite series (the underlying material of this material family)
Supporting findings
Nephrite forms by hydrothermal metamorphism (metasomatism): silica-rich fluids infiltrate dolomite-rich rocks, or calcium-rich fluids react with serpentinites; the dolomite route can be written 5 dolomite + 8 aqueous silica + water → tremolite + 3 calcite + 7 aqueous carbon dioxide.
Evidence grade AScope: Describes the natural genesis of the underlying material (tremolite-actinolite nephrite) only; it does not establish a specimen's origin, treatment, or colour subcategory.
Recorded localities
Authoritative sources list the localities below; the list is not exhaustive.
Asia
- Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, ChinaG&G calls Xinjiang white nephrite the best material, not the largest producer
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Yecheng County, Kashgar, Xinjiang, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Qiemo County, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015 · Gems & Gemology Summer 2020
- Ruoqiang County, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Golmud, Qinghai, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Lake Baikal area, Russia
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Xiuyan, Liaoning, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Luodian County, Guizhou, China
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
- Liyang, Jiangsu, ChinaMain sample colour recorded as greenish white
Sources Gems & Gemology Fall 2015
These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.
Causes of colour and optical effects
Baiyu denotes white nephrite; the magnesium-rich tremolite end member is described as white, grey, lavender to pink, contrasting with the iron-rich end member's bright to greyish green. The exact colouring mechanism of the white subcategory is not systematically given in the cited sources and requires testing.
Evidence grade BScope: Describes white nephrite's association with the Mg-rich tremolite end member; no colouring mechanism is asserted.
Sources GIA Jade Description · Handbook of Mineralogy
Where the name comes from
The cited sources give no etymology for the name baiyu; the etymologies belong to its parent minerals, one of which is tremolite, named after a find in the Tremola Valley, in the southern St. Gotthard Mountains, Switzerland. These etymologies belong to those parent minerals, not to the trade name.
Evidence grade BScope: The etymology explains the origin of a name only; it does not attest composition, locality, naturalness or treatment, and here belongs to the parent mineral rather than to the trade name itself.
Sources Handbook of Mineralogy
Other research findings
Nephrite is not a single crystal but a fibrous aggregate, interlocking or felted, whose dominant component is amphibole of the tremolite–actinolite series; its composition ranges across the end members from ferro-actinolite Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 to tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2.
Evidence grade AScope: Describes nephrite's mineral composition range only; it does not establish a specimen's origin, treatment, or colour.
This name is a colour/variety trade name under the Chinese nephrite system, denoting a tremolite-actinolite material; without the full text of the relevant standard this record makes no clause-level definition of its colour boundary and does not treat it as an independent mineral species.
Evidence grade BScope: This name is a Chinese nephrite colour trade name, not an independent mineral species; no GB/T clauses or tables are invented here (its full text is not obtainable).
Sources GIA Jade Description
Limits of this research
- Research status: Formation, occurrence or other material-specific findings found in authoritative sources
- The full text of GB/T 16552 and similar standards is not obtainable, so the clause-level basis of this colour subcategory could not be verified; no clauses or tables are invented.
- The specific colouring mechanism of this subcategory is not given in the available sources and requires testing; none is asserted.
- Colour boundaries can be continuous in the trade and do not replace compositional identification.
Methodology
- Origin determination and its limits
- Quality grading and value factors
- How gemmology became a technical discipline
Evidence grades
- A
- Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
- B
- Institutional educational material
- C
- Specialist databases or cautious readings
A statement is never graded above its strongest source.
This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.
DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments
- Suggested listing name
- White Nephrite jade
GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2 “Hetian Yu,Nephrite” · CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.154 “Nephrite”
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments recorded for this material: Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material), Dyed (via parent material)
Related:Disclosure and cautions
This page cannot answer
Natural? · Origin · Price
A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.
Related:What this page can answer
Answer at a glance
"White Nephrite" is a market name rather than a mineral species name; before using it, verify: Trade name rather than a mineralogical species name.
Evidence
- GB/T · Table A.2, row 和田玉 (Hetian Yu / Nephrite)
What this means for you
Before buying, check the recommended listing name "White Nephrite jade" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.
Known uncertainty
- This entry's exact material identity is not fully settled.
- See “Disclosure and cautions” above
- Last reviewed
- 2026-09-01
Trade-name ruling
- Trade name rather than a mineralogical species name.
- Suggested listing name
- White Nephrite jade
Care and wear
The item-by-item care advice that the GIA Care and Cleaning Guide gives for the whole class, and so for White Nephrite, is set out in full under care on the Nephrite entry.
Care
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Durability and wearing
Daily wear
White nephrite is mainly tremolite at Mohs 5–6; it can be worn daily but should be protected from scratches. Tremolite is brittle with perfect cleavage, so the main risks are surface abrasion and splitting along cleavage on impact.
Care
Clean with warm water, mild soap and a soft brush; avoid ultrasonic/steam cleaners, chemical cleaners, acids and heat; avoid rubbing against harder gems such as quartz or corundum.
General guidance: LumaLark's general guidance inferred from the material's properties (hardness, toughness, cleavage); not text from the cited source, and not a guarantee for any specific piece.
Scope: This field describes general material properties and does not constitute a durability or safety warranty for any specific finished product; the durability of treated (filling/dyeing/coating) or assembled pieces must be assessed separately.
Treatments and identification leads
One row per treatment, with three standards side by side: how often it occurs and how stable it is (CIBJO), its category in GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (this site's paraphrase) and how the JJA/AGL 2025 table lists it. Each CIBJO value links to its entry under “Testing and market”, where the wording and source are given in full.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Treatment | Market frequency (CIBJO) | Stability (CIBJO) | GB/T 16552 category | JJA/AGL listing | Identification leads |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filling | — | — | Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1 | — | — |
| Dyeing | — | — | Treatment | — | — |
“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (row for Nephrite)
Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):
- GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
- CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15
What this table covers
What this page can give
- Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
- Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing
VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources
Names
The name register below lists one name for White Nephrite in a non-Latin script: 1 with no restriction recorded on use as a name.
Standard and listing namesThe Chinese formal name for White Nephrite is given in GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2; the mineralogical name is White nephrite (GB/T colour subcategory), and the market name is Hetian white jade; that market name maps to the more specific white nephrite entry, not to Hetian Yu, and the Hetian origin claim is not carried by the name mapping and must be substantiated separately as the entry warns. The suggested listing name is white nephrite. Names in four languagesNames are given in four languages: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English (White Nephrite) and Japanese. Institution usageOn authority wording, the FTC and CIBJO texts on file have no wording for White Nephrite (checked); GIA and Gem-A wording is unchecked. Bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name White Nephrite, which does not represent their position. Japanese namesFor Japan's GSJ formal name, the entry's own Japanese name uses the same characters as the Chinese name, and Japan's GSJ wording for it is not yet verified by this site.
Name register
Every name recorded for this entry, with how it is classified, whether it may be matched to this entry automatically, whether it may be used as a product name, and the clause it rests on.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Name | Type | Matching | Use as a name | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no restriction recorded (1) | ||||
| 和田白玉Simplified Chinese | market name | matched automatically | no restriction recorded | GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2 “Hetian Yu,Nephrite”; Note: Matched to the more specific white nephrite entry rather than to Hetian Yu: white and pale greenish-white nephrite are both colour varieties listed on the Hetian Yu row of GB/T 16552-2017 Annex A Table A.2; the Hetian origin claim is not carried by the name match and needs separate proof, as the entry’s warning says. |
How each authority words this name: see Names › Authority wording.
- GSJ (Japan) formal name
- 白玉 (not yet checked for this body — the entry's own Japanese name is shown)
- Chinese formal name
- 白玉 (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2)
- Mineralogical name
- White nephrite (GB/T colour subcategory)
Four-language names
- 简体中文
- 白玉
- 繁體中文
- 白玉
- English
- White Nephrite
- 日本語
- 白玉
See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index
Classification
- Origin
- Natural materials
- Material domain
- Natural inorganic gem materials
- Browsing family
- Jade materials
- Identity tier
- Trade name: colour / appearance variety
- Mineral chemical class
- Silicates
- Construction or treatment status
- Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments listed by standards
The treatment categories for White Nephrite in GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1 are applied by this site from the table's “Nephrite” row: filling is graded; dyeing is in the treatment category. The definitions of the filling grades and the notes to Table B.1 are on the Gem treatments page.
GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1
Under the “Nephrite” row of Table B.1: Filling Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1; Dyeing Treatment. The full row, with the effect column, is on the Nephrite page.
What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.
What it is and how it's identified
Among the registered material facts for White Nephrite, every item marked "which class this covers: nephrite as a whole (regardless of origin)" is written in the cited clause for nephrite as a whole (regardless of origin), not measured on White Nephrite alone. Values for nephrite as a whole (regardless of origin): structure crystalline aggregate, commonly fibrous; Mohs hardness 6–6.5; tremolite itself has two directions of perfect cleavage, generally not visible in aggregates; optical character anisotropic aggregate; birefringence not measurable on an aggregate; the cat's-eye effect can occur. Density for nephrite as a whole (regardless of origin) is 2.9–3.1 g/cm³; according to the page note, the cited clause gives 2.95 with a permitted tolerance of +0.15/−0.05, and the range is derived from this. Refractive index for nephrite as a whole (regardless of origin) is 1.6–1.641; according to the page note, the cited clause gives 1.606–1.632 with a permitted tolerance of +0.009/−0.006, and the range is derived from this; the clause has finer sub-ranges, and the page uses the overall value.
Registered material facts
Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.
Chemical composition, luminescence, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum, magnification: these whole-class features are given in the cited clause for nephrite as a whole (not one source), so they are not repeated on the White Nephrite page; see the material facts on the Nephrite entry.
Items below that name the class they cover give the cited clause’s value for that whole class, not a measurement of White Nephrite (how to read class-level values).
Structure
White Nephrite — structure (overall): a crystalline aggregate that is often fibrous
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Durability
White Nephrite — Mohs hardness: 6–6.5
GB/T 16553—2017
Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — cleavage: Tremolite crystals cleave perfectly in two directions; aggregates usually have no cleavage.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Physical properties
White Nephrite — density: 2.9–3.1 g/cm³
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 2.95, with a stated tolerance of +0.15 / -0.05. The range shown here is worked out from that.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Optical
White Nephrite — optic character: anisotropic aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — refractive index: 1.6–1.641
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 1.606–1.632, with a stated tolerance of +0.009 / -0.006. The range shown here is worked out from that.
- General note
- the clause has finer ranges
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — birefringence: not measurable on an aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — pleochroism: not measurable on an aggregate
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — optical effect (chatoyancy): seen
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
White Nephrite — body colour: pure white to white with a slight grey, green or yellow tone.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
In chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour entries of Chlorite, Vesuvianite / Idocrase, Brucite and other variety clauses also name white or a whitish colour.
- General note
- colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 Colour · White nephrite (baiyu) (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
- CIBJO definitions
- chatoyancy
Quality factors
White Nephrite — quality factor (lustre): vitreous to greasy
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- nephrite as a whole (not one source)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.2 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.621 / 3; Closest values: 1Danburite 1.633 / 3, 2Amblygonite 1.607 / 3.02, 3Dushan Yu / Dushan Jade 1.63 / 2.9, 4Prehnite 1.625 / 2.88, 5Lazulite 1.627 / 3.12
Show the full chart (330 registered materials)
Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22
Testing and market
The CIBJO laboratory protocol covers White Nephrite under “Nephrite” (§6.1.54): see identification on the Nephrite entry; the required tests are listed on the CIBJO laboratory protocol table for Nephrite.
How far testing can go
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Clause-level definitions
At the clause level, White Nephrite is registered under the term White Nephrite, with the corresponding clause GB/T 16552-2017 Annex A; the registered definition states that the full description is in the Hetian Yu entry of GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2, serving as a pointer to that entry. The cross-check shows it is listed directly by GB/T; CIBJO carries no standalone entry under the same name.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Term | Clause | Definition | Cross-check |
|---|---|---|---|
| White Nephrite | GB/T 16552-2017 Annex A | For the full description, see Table A.2 “Hetian Yu,Nephrite” in GB/T 16552—2017. | Listed directly by GB/T; CIBJO carries no standalone entry under the same name. |
Evidence and sources
Authority basis and clause sources
Sources
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. Gemmological Laboratories Book (Blue Book), Gemmological Commission 2024-1.
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. The Gemstone Book (Blue Book), 2022.
- SAMR / SAC (China). GB/T 16552—2017 Gems — Nomenclature.
- RRUFF Project, in partnership with the IMA – International Mineralogical Association. IMA Mineral List.
- Geological Survey of Japan, AIST (Japan). Museum mineral specimens, browse by classification.
Further reading
Related entries and topic cluster
Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.
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| Page | Content | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Browsing family | Jade materials | Live |
| Treatments recorded for this material | Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material), Dyed (via parent material) | Live |
| Related articles | To be added (placeholder) | Planned |
Who maintains this page
The material facts in the White Nephrite entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.