On this page
UnderstandWhat it is, what people ask, how far this page goes
Natural inorganic gem materials · Mineral species · Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Uvarovite
A garnet-group mineral species with calcium and chromium end-members, often forming tiny crystal clusters; listed in Table A.1 of GB/T 16552—2017. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.
Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.
What this page can answer
This page covers
- How Uvarovite forms and what gives its colourFormation setting, process and timescale, each finding graded and sourced
- How to identify UvaroviteHow far lab testing can go and whether a synthetic exists
- Treatments and enhancements of UvaroviteThe enhancements and treatments the GB/T and JJA/AGL tables list
- Caring for and wearing UvaroviteCleaning, heat, chemicals and light, as the cited sources give them
- Hardness, density and refractive index of UvaroviteEach value with its source and check date
- Uvarovite in English, Chinese and Japanese; national standard namesNames in four languages, the GB/T standard name and the suggested listing name; and: Which of GIA, FTC, CIBJO and Gem-A have a name for it on record, and do those agree?
- Listing and disclosing UvaroviteThe listing name to use; what must be disclosed before sale
- Standard clauses that define UvaroviteWhich clause defines it, each cross-checked
What we cannot conclude
- Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
- Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
- Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.
Material research: formation, causes and history
What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.
How it forms
Uvarovite is the Ca-Cr garnet species, the sixth garnet-group member after the five commercial species (pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular, andradite), and is green. Its crystals usually occur too small to cut, and it is sometimes set as clusters in jewellery. More than twenty garnet species are named; sharing essentially the same crystal structure but differing chemically, the members commonly form solid solutions. In chemical analyses uvarovite appears only as a minor end-member component (e.g. some pyrope-spessartine samples contain 0.11–0.19% uvarovite).
Scope: Used to describe uvarovite's position within the garnet group as a green end-member mineral species, its occurrence and solid solution; the source does not give independent formation temperatures, pressures or ages for it.
Sources GIA Garnet Description · G&G Spring 2017
Where it forms
Garnet-group crystallization setting: uvarovite, the Cr3+-dominant end member, crystallizes within the same systems as the other Al/Ca garnets.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
Typically fine-grained (crystals usually too small to cut), sometimes as clusters.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
How it forms, step by step
In a suitable garnet-crystallizing system, Cr3+ occupies the aluminium site, forming the uvarovite end member.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
Uvarovite dissolves with other garnet species and usually appears only as a minor end-member component of solid solutions.
Sources GIA Garnet Description · G&G Spring 2017
In most cases the crystals are too small to cut and are only occasionally used as clusters in jewellery.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
Link to appearance
Uvarovite is green; because its crystals are usually too small, it is rarely faceted and only occasionally set as clusters.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
Timescale
The sources state no absolute age or duration for garnet formation.
Sources GIA Garnet Description · G&G Spring 2017
Related base materials
- Garnet group: mineral-group member | Uvarovite is the calcic end-member mineral species dominated by Ca2+ and Cr3+, and is the sixth member of the garnet group
Recorded localities
Authoritative sources list the localities below; the list is not exhaustive.
Europe
- Saranovskii Mine, Sarany, Perm Krai, Russia
Sources Mindat: Uvarovite
These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.
Other research findings
Uvarovite is the sixth garnet-group member (after the five commercial species) and is green.
Evidence grade AScope: Places it within the group and notes its colour; not a commercial faceting species.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
Uvarovite crystals usually occur too small to cut and are sometimes set as clusters in jewellery.
Evidence grade AScope: Describes its typical habit and use; larger crystals are not excluded.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
More than twenty garnet species are named but only five are commercially important; uvarovite is the additional sixth member.
Evidence grade AScope: Distinguishes commercial from non-commercial group members.
Sources GIA Garnet Description
In chemical analyses uvarovite appears only as a minor end-member component of solid solutions (e.g. some pyrope-spessartine contains 0.11–0.19% uvarovite).
Evidence grade AScope: End-member calculation for a few colour-change samples; not uvarovite as a major phase.
Limits of this research
- Research status: Only partial material-specific findings found; gaps are stated as gaps
- No absolute age, P-T or deposit data for uvarovite as an independent phase.
- Colour (chromium) and end-member chemistry rest on a general GIA entry and sample end-member calculations only.
Methodology
- Origin determination and its limits
- Quality grading and value factors
- How gemmology became a technical discipline
Evidence grades
- A
- Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
- B
- Institutional educational material
- C
- Specialist databases or cautious readings
A statement is never graded above its strongest source.
This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.
DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments
- Suggested listing name
- Uvarovite
GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1 “Uvarovite” · IMA Mineral List 2026-07 “Uvarovite”
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments recorded for this material: Heated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material)
Related:Disclosure and cautions
This page cannot answer
Natural? · Origin · Price
A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.
Related:What this page can answer
Answer at a glance
Uvarovite is Uvarovite garnet; use "Uvarovite" for listings, and disclose any known treatments.
Evidence
- GB/T · Table A.1, row 钙铬榴石 (Uvarovite)
What this means for you
Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Uvarovite" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.
Known uncertainty
- Last reviewed
- 2026-09-01
Care and wear
Normal care for every gemstone (CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.1), in brief:
- Handle it gently.
- Store pieces apart when not worn, so they cannot scratch each other.
- Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
- Use ultrasonic cleaners only with caution.
The §6.1 wording and the full list of §6.2 special-care letters cited on this page are on the general gem care page.
The item-by-item care advice that the GIA Care and Cleaning Guide gives for the whole class, and so for Uvarovite, is set out in full under care on the Garnet entry.
Care
Uvarovite — care (heat): Some stones are prone to damage due to thermal shock. Do not expose them to extreme temperature changes.
CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022
CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code e
- Treatment state
- any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-25
- Source
- CIBJO Blue Book — Official Gemstone Book (Coloured Stone Commission 2022) (CIBJO): §8 Annex C, Uvarovite, p.55; §6.2 e (locator checked 2026-09-25)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-25
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Common care questions and matching entries
Each question links to the matching entries on this page; whether they answer it fully, go by the entry wording.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Question | Matching entries |
|---|---|
| Heat and thermal shock | care (heat) |
Treatments and identification leads
One row per treatment, with three standards side by side: how often it occurs and how stable it is (CIBJO), its category in GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (this site's paraphrase) and how the JJA/AGL 2025 table lists it. Each CIBJO value links to its entry under “Testing and market”, where the wording and source are given in full.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Treatment | Market frequency (CIBJO) | Stability (CIBJO) | GB/T 16552 category | JJA/AGL listing | Identification leads |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heating | — | — | Optimization | — | — |
| Filling | — | — | Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1 | — | — |
“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (row for Garnet)
Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):
- GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
- CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15
What this table covers
What this page can give
- Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
- Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing
VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources
Names
Standard and listing namesThe Chinese formal name for Uvarovite is the Chinese name for uvarovite, from GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1, and the suggested listing name is Uvarovite. Trade and mineralogical namesThe mineralogical name is written as Uvarovite garnet. Names in four languagesThe four-language names are the Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese and Japanese names together with the English name Uvarovite; the GSJ (Japan) formal name is the Japanese name shown on the page. Institution usageOn authority wording, CIBJO has Uvarovite on record (CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024), the FTC text has no wording for this name (checked), and GIA and Gem-A are unchecked; bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name, which does not represent their position.
- GSJ (Japan) formal name
- 灰クロムザクロ石
- Chinese formal name
- 钙铬榴石 (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.1)
- Mineralogical name
- Uvarovite garnet
Four-language names
- 简体中文
- 钙铬榴石
- 繁體中文
- 鈣鉻榴石
- English
- Uvarovite
- 日本語
- ウバロバイト／灰クロム柘榴石
See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index
Classification
- Origin
- Natural materials
- Material domain
- Natural inorganic gem materials
- Browsing family
- Garnet-group minerals and gem varieties
- Identity tier
- Mineral species
- Mineral chemical class
- Silicates
- Construction or treatment status
- Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments listed by standards
For Uvarovite, the “Garnet” row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1 is applied: heating, classed as optimization; filling, defined by grades. This is this site's application to Uvarovite; Table B.1 of GB/T 16552—2017 itself does not register Uvarovite. The full row including the effect column is on the Garnet entry, and what Table B.1 notes and how the filling grades are defined are explained on the Gem treatments page.
GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1
Under the “Garnet” row of Table B.1: Heating Optimization; Filling Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1. The full row, with the effect column, is on the Garnet page.
What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.
What it is and how it's identified
Registered material facts for Uvarovite: the composition (phase) is uvarovite (garnet group). Under the clauses for garnet as a whole mineral group, it is crystalline and cubic, with a crystal habit of rhombic dodecahedra or trapezohedra, or combinations of the two; Mohs hardness 7–8, no cleavage; optically isotropic, commonly with anomalous extinction, no birefringence. Under the clauses for garnet as a whole mineral group, density is 3.5–4.3 g/cm³, the clause also having finer sub-ranges, with the overall value taken; the uvarovite clause gives 3.75 with an allowed deviation of ±0.03, from which 3.72–3.78 g/cm³ is derived. The refractive index is 1.82–1.88, the cited clause giving 1.850 with an allowed deviation of ±0.030, from which the limits are derived. Transparency is translucent to opaque. When untreated, the body colour is green. Under the clauses for garnet as a whole mineral group, when untreated there is no pleochroism and the lustre is vitreous to subadamantine; under the same clauses, a star effect may be seen but is rare, generally four-rayed, occasionally six-rayed (almandine), and a colour-change effect may be seen.
Registered material facts
Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.
Chemical composition, luminescence, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum, magnification: these whole-class features are given in the cited clause for garnet (the whole mineral group), so they are not repeated on the Uvarovite page; see the material facts on the Garnet entry.
Items below that name the class they cover give the cited clause’s value for that whole class, not a measurement of Uvarovite (how to read class-level values).
Definition
Uvarovite — nomenclature status: IMA status A: approved (accepted by the IMA after it was set up in 1958).
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Uvarovite — composition (phase): uvarovite (garnet group)
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Structure
Uvarovite — structure (overall): crystalline
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — structure (crystal system): cubic
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — structure (crystal habit): rhombic dodecahedra, tetragonal trisoctahedra, or crystals combining the two forms.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Durability
Uvarovite — Mohs hardness: 7–8
GB/T 16553—2017
Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — cleavage: none
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Physical properties
Uvarovite — density: 3.5–4.3 g/cm³
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
- General note
- the clause has finer ranges
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — density: 3.72–3.78 g/cm³
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 3.75, with a stated tolerance of ±0.03. The range shown here is worked out from that.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 Density · Uvarovite (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Optical
Uvarovite — optic character: isotropic, commonly with anomalous extinction
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — refractive index: 1.82–1.88
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 1.850, with a stated tolerance of ±0.030. The range shown here is worked out from that.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 Refractive index · Uvarovite (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — birefringence: none
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — transparency: translucent to opaque.
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Uvarovite — pleochroism: none
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — spectrum (UV-visible): unknown
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 UV-visible spectrum (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — optical effect (asterism): seen; rare; generally a four-pointed star; occasionally a six-rayed star (almandine).
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Uvarovite — optical effect (colour change): seen
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
body colour2 sources compared
Uvarovite — body colour: green.
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Qualification
In chapter 7 of the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book, the colour descriptions of Aventurine Quartz, Diopside, Emerald and other entries also name green or a greenish colour.
- General note
- colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Uvarovite — body colour: green
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
In chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour entries of Aquamarine, Dioptase, Malachite and other variety clauses also name green or a greenish colour.
- General note
- colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 Colour · Uvarovite (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
How the sources relate
- CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 and GB/T 16553—2017
The two entries give the same colours in matching words. Both say green.
- CIBJO definitions
- asterism, colour change
Quality factors
Uvarovite — quality factor (lustre): vitreous to subadamantine
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- garnet (the whole mineral group)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.15 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.85 / 3.9; Closest values: 1Andradite 1.875 / 3.9, 2Garnet 1.825 / 3.9, 3Demantoid 1.89 / 3.84, 4Spessartine 1.802 / 3.9, 5Almandine 1.79 / 3.9
Show the full chart (330 registered materials)
Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22
Testing and market
Uvarovite falls under the Garnet line of the CIBJO laboratory protocol; its identification is in the identification section of the Garnet entry, and the list of required methods is on the laboratory testing page. On how far testing can go, the Uvarovite row in Appendix C of the CIBJO Blue Book (Official Gemstone Book, 2022) concludes that no synthetic counterpart of Uvarovite is available on the market.
The CIBJO laboratory protocol covers Uvarovite under “Garnet” (§6.1.38): see identification on the Garnet entry; the required tests are listed on the CIBJO laboratory protocol table for Garnet.
How far testing can go
Uvarovite — synthetic counterpart on the market: No synthetic counterpart of this material is commercially available
CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022
- Treatment state
- any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-22
- Source
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-22
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Clause-level definitions
Uvarovite is defined directly in CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024, listed under the name Uvarovite, with the definition green, translucent to opaque; the cross-check result is that it is defined directly by CIBJO, and Uvarovite also appears in the GB/T annex. Uvarovite is also listed as Uvarovite in the IMA Mineral List entry, with the chemical formula Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, cross-checked against the RRUFF/IMA master mineral list; this is public domain data.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Term | Clause | Definition | Cross-check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uvarovite | 7.2.1.253 | green, translucent to opaque | Defined directly by CIBJO; also present in the GB/T annex. |
| Uvarovite | IMA Mineral List entry | Uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 A 1967 s.p. | Cross-checked against the RRUFF/IMA master mineral list (public domain data). |
Evidence and sources
Authority basis and clause sources
Sources
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. Gemmological Laboratories Book (Blue Book), Gemmological Commission 2024-1.
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. The Gemstone Book (Blue Book), 2022.
- SAMR / SAC (China). GB/T 16552—2017 Gems — Nomenclature.
- RRUFF Project, in partnership with the IMA – International Mineralogical Association. IMA Mineral List.
- Geological Survey of Japan, AIST (Japan). Museum mineral specimens, browse by classification.
Further reading
Related entries and topic cluster
Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Page | Content | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Browsing family | Garnet-group minerals and gem varieties | Live |
| Treatments recorded for this material | Heated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material) | Live |
| Related articles | To be added (placeholder) | Planned |
Who maintains this page
The material facts in the Uvarovite entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.