On this page
UnderstandWhat it is, what people ask, how far this page goes
Natural inorganic gem materials · Trade name: geographic / origin-linked name · Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Kashmir Sapphire
A trade name for Sapphire linked to the historic deposits of Kashmir; it is not a separate mineral species and does not guarantee origin. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.
Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.
What this page can answer
This page covers
- How Kashmir Sapphire forms and what gives its colourFormation setting, process and timescale; where its colour and optical effects come from, each finding graded and sourced
- How to identify Kashmir SapphireIdentification points from the research literature; how far lab testing can go
- Treatments and enhancements of Kashmir SapphireThe enhancements and treatments the GB/T and JJA/AGL tables list
- Caring for and wearing Kashmir SapphireCleaning, heat, chemicals and light, as the cited sources give them
- Hardness, density and refractive index of Kashmir SapphireEach value with its source and check date
- Kashmir Sapphire in English, Chinese and Japanese; national standard namesNames in four languages, the GB/T standard name and the suggested listing name; and: Which of GIA, FTC, CIBJO and Gem-A have a name for it on record, and do those agree?
- Listing and disclosing Kashmir SapphireThe listing name to use; what must be disclosed before sale
What we cannot conclude
- Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
- Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
- Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.
Material research: formation, causes and history
What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.
How it forms
Kashmir sapphire is a geographic trade name for blue sapphire (corundum, Al2O3) historically from the Kashmir region; the material itself remains corundum. Gem-quality sapphire typically crystallizes in metamorphic, non-basalt-related environments and is concentrated by weathering and transport in placer (alluvial) deposits; its blue colour comes mainly from the Fe2+-Ti⁴⁺ pair. The sources cited here do not cover the Kashmir deposit, so no deposit type, host rock, or crystallization condition is asserted for Kashmir; that is flagged as an explicit gap.
Scope: Used to explain that 'Kashmir sapphire' is an origin trade name and the same material as sapphire (corundum); no assertion is made about formation or age specific to Kashmir.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Where it forms
Metamorphic/metasomatic, non-basalt-related crystallization settings, and placer (alluvial) deposits formed by weathering and transport—general to gem sapphire, not specific to Kashmir.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
(Gap) These sources record no host rock or tectonic setting for the Kashmir deposit, so no Kashmir-specific environment is given.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
How it forms, step by step
Corundum crystallizes in a metamorphic/metasomatic setting at relatively high pressure and lower temperature (general rule).
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Trace Fe2+ and Ti4+ occur as adjacent Fe2+-Ti⁴⁺ pairs in corundum, producing blue colour (general corundum colour mechanism).
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Sapphire-bearing host rocks are weathered, eroded, and fluvially transported, concentrating sapphire in placer deposits (most gem sapphires are recovered from placers).
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
(Gap) The specific host-rock type and crystallization P-T conditions of the Kashmir deposit are not recorded in these sources.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Link to appearance
The blue colour arises from visible-light absorption by the Fe2+-Ti⁴⁺ pair; intensity relates to iron and titanium contents and mode of occurrence.
Sources G&G Spring 2020
Timescale
These sources give no absolute age for Kashmir sapphire, so none is asserted. The applicable dating method is U-Pb dating of zircon inclusions in sapphire (~549 Ma for Sri Lankan samples), but this does not license any age for Kashmir sapphire.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Related base materials
- Corundum: Kashmir sapphire is a geographic-origin trade name for sapphire (corundum); the material is still corundum, not an independent material
Supporting findings
Gem-quality sapphire commonly crystallizes in metamorphic, non-basalt-related environments and is concentrated in placer (alluvial) deposits; this is the general mode of sapphire occurrence, not Kashmir-specific evidence.
Evidence grade BScope: General occurrence from Sri Lanka and Muling (China); not applicable to Kashmir.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Recorded localities
Authoritative sources name a single or principal locality.
Asia
- Sumjam, Padder, Kashmir regionDiscovered 1881; the original pocket was worked out and mining moved to placers.
Sources Gems & Gemology Summer 1983
These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.
Causes of colour and optical effects
Blue in sapphire comes mainly from the Fe2+-Ti⁴⁺ pair: adjacent Fe2+ and Ti4+ ions absorb visible light and produce blue, a general corundum colour mechanism.
Evidence grade AScope: General corundum colour mechanism; not measured on Kashmir samples.
How it is identified
The geographic identity of Kashmir sapphire cannot be established from appearance or colour, since sapphires from different localities overlap strongly in colour and appearance. Origin determination is a laboratory procedure that relies mainly on internal inclusion features and trace-element suites measured with instruments such as LA-ICP-MS and compared against reference databases; origin conclusions carry overlap and uncertainty and must be issued by an accredited laboratory. Readers must not attempt to identify origin from this entry alone.
Evidence grade AScope: Appearance is insufficient to settle origin; determination requires testing by an accredited laboratory, and this entry gives no self-test criteria.
In "Kashmir sapphire" the locality in the name is a trade attribution, not a determined origin. Origin labels for sapphire (corundum) (Kashmir, for instance) are often used to support a premium, yet origin cannot be inferred from appearance or name. Origin determination is a comparison against reference databases of known localities: a laboratory measures trace-element suites by LA-ICP-MS and weighs internal inclusion features against specimens of documented provenance. The judgement is relative - the characteristic ranges of different localities overlap, deposits with no reference material cannot be assigned, and a single deposit is internally variable; treatment alters the measurable features, so treatment status must be settled first. An origin call must be issued by an accredited laboratory for a specific specimen, and "consistent with a locality" is not the same as "mined there"; nor does a place name in the trade prove quality.
Evidence grade AScope: Origin cannot be inferred from appearance or name; the locality in the name is a trade attribution, not a determined origin; a conclusion must be issued by an accredited laboratory for a specific specimen; no self-test criteria are given here.
Other research findings
‘Kashmir sapphire’ is a geographic trade name for blue sapphire (corundum), not an independent material kind; under CIBJO naming rules, geographic names may only denote where a gem was mined or harvested, origin opinion is a matter of opinion, and origin does not imply quality.
Evidence grade AScope: Naming/place-of-origin rules (clause 4.2.3); not geology of the Kashmir deposit.
Sources CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022
The sources cited here do not cover the Kashmir sapphire deposit: its deposit type, host rock, tectonic setting, and age are data gaps, which must not be substituted with data from Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, or other localities.
Evidence grade CScope: Negative evidence—an explicit check that the reviewed sources do not mention Kashmir.
Sources G&G Spring 2019 · G&G Fall 2022
Limits of this research
- Research status: Formation, occurrence or other material-specific findings found in authoritative sources
- None of the reviewed sources (GIA sapphire deposits, colour, zircon dating) covers the Kashmir deposit; Kashmir sapphire formation is a data gap.
- No deposit type, host rock, or age is asserted for Kashmir; Sri Lanka/Thailand/China data are general background only and must not stand in for Kashmir.
- The naming/place-of-origin rules for ‘Kashmir sapphire’ follow CIBJO (level A).
Methodology
- Origin determination and its limits
- Quality grading and value factors
- How gemmology became a technical discipline
Evidence grades
- A
- Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
- B
- Institutional educational material
- C
- Specialist databases or cautious readings
A statement is never graded above its strongest source.
This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.
DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments
- Suggested listing name
- Sapphire (any geographic-origin opinion requires a laboratory report)
16 CFR Part 23 §23.1
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments recorded for this material: Heated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Dyed (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material), Diffusion-treated (via parent material), Irradiated (via parent material)
Related:Disclosure and cautions
This page cannot answer
Natural? · Origin · Price
A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.
Related:What this page can answer
Answer at a glance
"Kashmir Sapphire" is a market name rather than a mineral species name; before using it, verify: Laboratory identification required before the name is used.
Evidence
What this means for you
Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Sapphire (any geographic-origin opinion requires a laboratory report)" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.
Known uncertainty
- This entry's exact material identity is not fully settled.
- See “Disclosure and cautions” above
- Last reviewed
- 2026-09-01
Trade-name ruling
- Laboratory identification required before the name is used.
- Suggested listing name
- Sapphire (any geographic-origin opinion requires a laboratory report)
Care and wear
The item-by-item care advice that the GIA Care and Cleaning Guide gives for the whole class, and so for Kashmir Sapphire, is set out in full under care on the Sapphire entry.
Care
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Treatments and identification leads
One row per treatment, with three standards side by side: how often it occurs and how stable it is (CIBJO), its category in GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (this site's paraphrase) and how the JJA/AGL 2025 table lists it. Each CIBJO value links to its entry under “Testing and market”, where the wording and source are given in full.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Treatment | Market frequency (CIBJO) | Stability (CIBJO) | GB/T 16552 category | JJA/AGL listing | Identification leads |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heating | — | — | Optimization | — | — |
| Dyeing | — | — | Treatment | — | — |
| Filling | — | — | Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1 | — | — |
| Diffusion | — | — | Treatment | — | — |
| Irradiation | — | — | Treatment | — | — |
“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1 (row for Sapphire)
Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):
- GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
- CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15
What this table covers
What this page can give
- Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
- Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing
How lab reports word it
Report wording for Kashmir Sapphire is set out under report wording on the Corundum entry.
VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources
Names
Trade and mineralogical namesKashmir Sapphire is a trade name whose identity level is an origin or geographical association. Standard and listing namesUnder GB/T 16552—2017 its naming counterpart is sapphire, and this name is not listed in the standard; the suggested listing name is Sapphire (an origin opinion requires a laboratory report). Names in four languagesThe four-language names are the Simplified Chinese name, the Traditional Chinese name, the English name Kashmir Sapphire and the Japanese name. Institution usageGIA lists Kashmir Sapphire, with the qualification stripped from its heading name being that it is a geographical variety and origin requires a laboratory report; FTC lists Sapphire, with the qualification stripped from its heading name being that origin is a material factor and an unverified geographical name is deceptive. The CIBJO text on file has no wording for this name (checked) and Gem-A is unchecked; for both, Kashmir Sapphire as shown is the entry's own English name and does not represent the position of CIBJO or Gem-A. Japanese namesA Japanese name is shown as the GSJ (Japan) formal name, but the wording of GSJ (Japan) for this name is not yet verified by this site; the name shown is the entry's own Japanese name.
- GSJ (Japan) formal name
- カシミール・サファイア (not yet checked for this body — the entry's own Japanese name is shown)
- GB/T naming counterpart (this name is not in the standard)
- 蓝宝石 (GB/T 16552—2017 §5.1.2.1 b))
- Mineralogical name
- Sapphire from the historic Kashmir deposit; recognised as a trade variety by GIA
Four-language names
- 简体中文
- 克什米尔蓝宝石
- 繁體中文
- 克什米爾藍寶石
- English
- Kashmir Sapphire
- 日本語
- カシミール・サファイア
Qualifiers stripped from the headline name
See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index
Classification
- Origin
- Natural materials
- Material domain
- Natural inorganic gem materials
- Browsing family
- Oxide minerals
- Identity tier
- Trade name: geographic / origin-linked name
- Mineral chemical class
- Oxides / hydroxides
- Construction or treatment status
- Natural identity; treatment status unknown
Treatments listed by standards
The optimizations and treatments for Kashmir Sapphire are listed by applying the “Sapphire” row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1: heating is classed as optimization; dyeing as treatment; filling is handled by grades; diffusion is classed as treatment; and irradiation is classed as treatment. What Table B.1 notes and how the filling grades are defined are explained on the Gem treatments page; the full row including the effect column is on the Sapphire page.
GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1
Under the “Sapphire” row of Table B.1: Heating Optimization; Dyeing Treatment; Filling Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1; Diffusion Treatment; Irradiation Treatment. The full row, with the effect column, is on the Sapphire page.
What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.
What it is and how it's identified
Whole-class features of Kashmir Sapphire such as chemical composition are given for sapphire as a whole (regardless of colour and origin) on the Sapphire entry and are not repeated for Kashmir Sapphire. Values taken for sapphire as a whole (regardless of colour and origin): crystalline, trigonal; Mohs hardness 9; no cleavage, though stones with well-developed twinning may show parting in three directions; optic character anisotropic, uniaxial, negative; birefringence 0.008–0.01; among optical effects, asterism may be seen, commonly as a six-rayed star; density 3.95–4.1 g/cm³, derived from the clause value 4.00 with tolerance +0.10/−0.05; refractive index 1.757–1.779, derived from the clause value 1.762–1.770 with tolerance +0.009/−0.005. For the untreated state, also taken for sapphire as a whole (regardless of colour and origin), pleochroism is strong and varies with body colour, blue stones showing blue and greenish blue, and lustre is vitreous to subadamantine.
Registered material facts
Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.
Chemical composition, luminescence, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum, magnification: these whole-class features are given in the cited clause for sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins), so they are not repeated on the Kashmir Sapphire page; see the material facts on the Sapphire entry.
Items below that name the class they cover give the cited clause’s value for that whole class, not a measurement of Kashmir Sapphire (how to read class-level values).
Structure
Kashmir Sapphire — structure (overall): crystalline
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — structure (crystal system): trigonal
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — structure (crystal habit): hexagonal prisms or barrel shapes, occasionally tabular or bladed.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Durability
Kashmir Sapphire — Mohs hardness: 9
GB/T 16553—2017
Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — cleavage: no cleavage; stones with well-developed twinning may show parting in three directions.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Physical properties
Kashmir Sapphire — density: 3.95–4.1 g/cm³
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 4.00, with a stated tolerance of +0.10 / -0.05. The range shown here is worked out from that.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Optical
Kashmir Sapphire — optic character: uniaxial, optically negative (anisotropic)
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — refractive index: 1.757–1.779
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
- Qualification
The clause we cite gives 1.762–1.770, with a stated tolerance of +0.009 / -0.005. The range shown here is worked out from that.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — birefringence: 0.008–0.01
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — pleochroism: strong; blue, greenish blue
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- Qualification
"Strong" comes from the field's general statement (strong, varying with colour); what follows is the value the clause gives for this colour.
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 Pleochroism · Blue (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — pleochroism: strong, and varying with color: blue shows blue and green-blue; green shows green and yellow-green; yellow shows yellow and orange-yellow; orange shows orange and orange-red; pink shows pink and pink-red; purple shows purple and purple-red.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — fluorescence (overall): long wave none to strong, orange-red; short wave none to weak, orange-red.
GB/T 16553—2017
UV fluorescenceorange-rednone–strongorange-rednone–weakDots are illustrative colours built from the colour names, not measured values
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 Fluorescence (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — spectrum (UV-visible): blue, green, yellow: 450 nm absorption band; or 450 nm absorption peak; 460 nm absorption peak; 470 nm absorption peak.
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 UV-visible spectrum (locator checked 2026-09-28)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — optical effect (asterism): seen; commonly a six-rayed star
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Kashmir Sapphire — optical effect (colour change): seen
GB/T 16553—2017
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
- CIBJO definitions
- asterism, colour change
Quality factors
Kashmir Sapphire — quality factor (lustre): vitreous to subadamantine
GB/T 16553—2017
- Treatment state
- untreated
- Does this standard apply
- applies to this entry
- What this covers
- sapphire as a whole (all colours and origins)
Source & check 2026-09-26
- Source
- GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.1.3 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
- Fact checked on
- 2026-09-26
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.768 / 4.03; Closest values: 1Rhodolite 1.755 / 3.9, 2Almandine 1.79 / 3.9, 3Grossular 1.745 / 3.9, 4Tsavorite 1.74 / 3.9, 5Spessartine 1.802 / 3.9
Show the full chart (330 registered materials)
Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22
Testing and market
The CIBJO laboratory protocol covers Kashmir Sapphire under “Sapphire” (§6.1.69): see identification on the Sapphire entry; the required tests are listed on the CIBJO laboratory protocol table for Sapphire.
How far testing can go
Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.
Evidence and sources
Authority basis and clause sources
Sources
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. Gemmological Laboratories Book (Blue Book), Gemmological Commission 2024-1.
- CIBJO – The World Jewellery Confederation. The Gemstone Book (Blue Book), 2022.
- SAMR / SAC (China). GB/T 16552—2017 Gems — Nomenclature.
- GIA – Gemological Institute of America (United States). Gem Encyclopedia.
- Gem-A – The Gemmological Association of Great Britain (United Kingdom).
- eCFR (United States). 16 CFR § 23.1 — Deception (general). In: 16 CFR Part 23 — Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries.
Further reading
Related entries and topic cluster
Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.
This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.
| Page | Content | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Browsing family | Oxide minerals | Live |
| Treatments recorded for this material | Heated / Heat-treated (via parent material), Dyed (via parent material), Filled / Fracture-filled (via parent material), Diffusion-treated (via parent material), Irradiated (via parent material) | Live |
| Related articles | To be added (placeholder) | Planned |
Who maintains this page
The material facts in the Kashmir Sapphire entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.