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Natural inorganic gem materials · Rock / mineral aggregate · Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Lapis Lazuli

Also known asLapis

A rock composed mainly of the mineral lazurite, often with calcite and pyrite; its basic name in Table A.2 of GB/T 16552—2017 is “lapis lazuli”. This page compares how the major standards and institutions name it, what must be disclosed when selling it, whether it can be worn every day, how it is treated and identified, and which source each conclusion comes from.

Price, rarity and origin are outside the scope of this wiki.

Edited by JuneReviewed by RalphLast updated 2026-10-12Who maintains this page

FAQCare and wear

Questions people ask about Lapis Lazuli

Every sentence below is followed by the registered fact it rests on; answers add no new facts and promise no outcome.

Q1How can you tell if lapis lazuli is real?

Lapis lazuli is a rock, not a single mineral: a blue sodalite-group mineral such as lazurite or hauyne mixed with varying amounts of calcite, pyrite and other minerals.G&G Spring 2000 · G&G Fall 2022No synthetic lapis lazuli is commercially available.CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022Dyed lapis shows colour concentrated in fissures, between grains or in surface pits under magnification, and acetone or absolute ethanol can wipe the colour off.GB/T 16553—2017In one laboratory study, imitations all showed an even, bright, saturated blue where natural lapis was uneven, and Gilson-created lapis was much softer, about Mohs 3 against 5.5.G&G Spring 2000Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.What this page can answer

Q2Is lapis lazuli often dyed, and can the colour rub off?

CIBJO's Gemstone Book records dyeing of lapis lazuli as common in the trade.CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022On some stones the dye comes off with acetone (nail-polish remover) or denatured alcohol, which is why they are sometimes sealed with wax or plastic, and wax seals break down with heat or solvents.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)Surface waxing is also recorded as common.CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022AGTA marks lapis dyed for colour or evenness as needing special care.AGTA Gemstone Information Manual, 17th ed.

Q3What gives lapis lazuli its blue colour and gold flecks?

The blue comes from its blue sodalite-group mineral, white minerals such as calcite form the white patches, and pyrite forms the golden specks.G&G Spring 2000 · G&G Fall 2022Which mineral carries the blue is still debated: lazurite is usually credited, but several studies find hauyne dominant in material from Sar-e-Sang and Baffin Island.G&G Fall 2022

Q4How should lapis lazuli be cleaned, and can it get wet?

Warm soapy water is the safest method, but because some dyes are unstable, test a small hidden spot first.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)It is particularly vulnerable to acids, so keep it away from them.CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Q5Is lapis lazuli durable enough to wear every day?

It is Mohs 5 to 6 depending on composition, with fair toughness, and with proper care jewellery and carvings can last for generations.GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)For settings, prong, bezel and channel call for caution, flush for extreme caution, and pavé is best avoided.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Q6Does lapis lazuli fade?

Artificial light is rated relatively safe, while display-case heat and sunlight call for caution.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)Dyed material may fade.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)Heat should be avoided, as it may change the colour and will damage any wax.Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Q7How does lapis lazuli form?

At its Chilean deposit, lapis lazuli formed when sulfur was introduced into impure limestone that granite intrusions had already altered by contact metamorphism.G&G Spring 2000There it occurs as lenses in the wollastonite marble of the outermost contact zone, in a setting low in silica.G&G Spring 2000

Q8What makes good-quality lapis lazuli?

The most prized lapis lazuli is an intense, even, medium-dark and slightly violetish blue with little or no pyrite and no calcite; white calcite streaks lower its standing, and the lowest quality looks dull and green from too much pyrite.GIA Lapis Lazuli Quality Factors

Q9How is lapis lazuli told apart from sodalite?

Laboratories use fluorescence and streak: the blue mineral of lapis, lazurite, is inert under ultraviolet light and leaves a bright blue streak, whereas sodalite may fluoresce intense orange and leaves a white or pale blue streak.G&G Spring 2000

Q10What does lapis lazuli symbolize, and does it have healing powers?

There is no scientific evidence that lapis lazuli has healing powers: the UK advertising regulators ASA and CAP state that they have not seen evidence that crystal therapy can treat medical conditions.ASA/CAP guidance (UK)As a birthstone, the U.K. National Association of Jewellers lists it as an alternative for September, and Japan's JJA lists it for December.Cultural recordsMuseum collections show it made into beads at least as early as the Sumerian period, around 2600–2500 BCE, and again in New Kingdom Egypt, Cyprus and Rome.The Met 33.35.48 · The Met 33.35.47 +4

What this page can answer

This page covers

What we cannot conclude

  • Whether one particular bead is natural, treated or synthetic — only a laboratory report can settle that.
  • Geographic origin, unless an origin report accompanies the item.
  • Price, rarity or investment value: this wiki covers naming and disclosure only.

Material research: formation, causes and history

What authoritative sources say about how this material forms, what causes its colour and optical effects, where its name comes from and how people have used it. Each statement carries an evidence grade and its sources; it describes the material in general, not any specific piece.

How it forms

  • Natural lapis lazuli surface (schematic, no locality)
  • Blue sodalite-group mineral
  • White patches (calcite etc.)
  • Pyrite (golden specks)
How lapis lazuli forms: a schematic animation, not to scale; the captions are taken from the research record under “Material research” on this page.

If you reuse this animation, please credit LumaLark Wiki and link to this pageLicense: CC BY 4.0

Scene-by-scene transcript (6 scenes, with evidence grades and sources)

The caption of each scene in the animation above, with its evidence grade and sources.

  1. Scene 1What lapis lazuli is

    Lapis lazuli is a rock rather than a single mineral species: it is an aggregate of a blue sodalite-group mineral (lazurite/hauyne) with variable amounts of calcite, pyrite, and other minerals, and even the exact blue-bearing species remains debated.

    Scope: Covers the origin of lapis lazuli as a polymineralic rock, based mainly on the contact-metasomatic deposit at Coquimbo, Chile, with possible comparison to deposits such as Sar-e-Sang, Afghanistan, which probably formed by regional metamorphism.

    Sources
  2. Scene 2First event: contact metamorphism by granite

    Mesozoic limestone is contact-metamorphosed by the Rio Las Cuevas granite, producing three metamorphic zones: hornfels, skarn, and wollastonite marble.

    Formation details come mainly from the Chilean Coquimbo deposit; other localities (e.g. Afghanistan) probably formed by regional metamorphism and must be treated separately.

    Sources
  3. Scene 3Second event: metasomatism brings in sulfur

    Metasomatism in the outermost zone introduces sulfur into the impure limestone, supplying the sulfur required to form lazurite; the source attributes this, probably, to later hydrothermal alteration associated with the Portezuelo del Azufre intrusion.

    Formation of the Chilean lapis lazuli involved two events: granite intrusion at about 24 Ma, and sulfur-bearing hydrothermal alteration probably associated with the Portezuelo del Azufre intrusion, emplaced at about 10–11 Ma.

    Evidence grade B

    Scope: The dates refer only to the Chilean Coquimbo deposit; both 24 Ma and 10–11 Ma are intrusion ages, and assigning the sulfur-bearing alteration to the latter is the source's inference ("probably"); hence rated B.

    Sources
  4. Scene 4Where the lapis lazuli lenses occur

    Lapis lazuli lenses occur in the wollastonite marble of the outermost contact-metamorphic zone, in a chemical environment undersaturated in silica.

    Evidence grade A

    Entry summary, verbatim: This second, sulfur-bearing event was essential, and the overlap of two unrelated geological events explains the deposit's uniqueness.

    Sources
  5. Scene 5Which mineral makes the blue (still debated)

    The lazurite-versus-hauyne debate over the blue-bearing species is unresolved and locality-dependent.

    What gives lapis its blue is still unresolved: lazurite is usually credited, yet a number of studies find hauyne to dominate in material from Sar-e-Sang and Baffin Island.

    Evidence grade B

    Scope: Unresolved in the literature and locality-dependent, not a universal rule; specimens from Coquimbo, Chile, have been characterized as lazurite-dominant.

    Sources
  6. Scene 6What you end up seeing

    Lapis lazuli's blue comes from its blue sodalite-group mineral, while white minerals such as calcite (mainly wollastonite in Chilean material) form white patches and pyrite golden specks; together they give its typical appearance.

    Sources

In brief: Lapis lazuli is a rock rather than a single mineral species: it is an aggregate of a blue sodalite-group mineral (lazurite/hauyne) with variable amounts of calcite, pyrite, and other minerals, and even the exact blue-bearing species remains debated.

Full research record (formation summary, where it forms, 4 formation steps, link to appearance, timescale, 2 supporting findings)

Lapis lazuli is a rock rather than a single mineral species: it is an aggregate of a blue sodalite-group mineral (lazurite/hauyne) with variable amounts of calcite, pyrite, and other minerals, and even the exact blue-bearing species remains debated. In the Chilean Coquimbo deposit, Mesozoic limestone was first contact-metamorphosed by the Rio Las Cuevas granite, producing three zones (hornfels, skarn, and wollastonite marble); sulfur was then introduced metasomatically into the impure limestone in the outermost zone, where small irregular lenses of lapis lazuli occur locally in a silica-undersaturated environment. This second, sulfur-bearing event was essential, and the overlap of two unrelated geological events explains the deposit's uniqueness.

Sources G&G Spring 2000 · G&G Fall 2022
Where it forms

The contact zone between a granite intrusive and Mesozoic limestone, specifically the outermost wollastonite marble of the contact aureole

Sources G&G Spring 2000

A sulfur-bearing metasomatic fluid environment that was undersaturated in silica

Sources G&G Spring 2000
How it forms, step by step

  1. Mesozoic limestone is contact-metamorphosed by the Rio Las Cuevas granite, producing three metamorphic zones: hornfels, skarn, and wollastonite marble.

    Sources G&G Spring 2000

  2. Metasomatism in the outermost zone introduces sulfur into the impure limestone, supplying the sulfur required to form lazurite; the source attributes this, probably, to later hydrothermal alteration associated with the Portezuelo del Azufre intrusion.

    Sources G&G Spring 2000

  3. Small, irregular lenses of lapis lazuli (the rock) occur locally in the silica-undersaturated wollastonite marble; the lenses range up to 2 m long and 10 cm wide, with local concentrations up to 40 cm in diameter.

    Sources G&G Spring 2000

  4. The sulfur needed in step two probably came from hydrothermal alteration associated with the Portezuelo del Azufre intrusion, exposed about 3 km south of the workings and emplaced about 10–11 Ma; the superposition of these two unrelated events — granite contact metamorphism and the sulfur-bearing alteration — explains the deposit's uniqueness.

    Sources G&G Spring 2000
Link to appearance

Lapis lazuli's blue comes from its blue sodalite-group mineral, while white minerals such as calcite (mainly wollastonite in Chilean material) form white patches and pyrite golden specks; together they give its typical appearance. In Chilean material, microprobe analyses showed that the higher the lazurite's sulfur content, the darker the blue; the same source observed, however, that the apparent darkness or lightness of the rock's blue depended on the amount of white or colorless minerals (particularly wollastonite) mixed with the lazurite rather than on the lazurite's own hue.

Sources G&G Spring 2000 · G&G Fall 2022
Timescale

Granite intrusion occurred about 24 million years ago; the Portezuelo del Azufre intrusion, probably responsible for the sulfur-bearing alteration, was emplaced about 10–11 million years ago.

Sources G&G Spring 2000
Supporting findings

At its Chilean occurrence, lapis lazuli arose when sulfur was introduced metasomatically into impure limestone that granitic intrusives had earlier contact-metamorphosed.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Specific to the Chilean Coquimbo contact-metasomatic deposit; localities such as Afghanistan probably formed by regional metamorphism and are not covered.

Sources G&G Spring 2000

Lapis lazuli lenses occur in the wollastonite marble of the outermost contact-metamorphic zone, in a chemical environment undersaturated in silica.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Describes the host position and chemical environment of the Chilean deposit.

Sources G&G Spring 2000

Recorded localities

Authoritative sources list the localities below; the list is not exhaustive.

Locality sketch mapLand outlines only; the map does not depict any national or regional boundary. Dots mark approximate positions. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain).

Asia

North America

South America

These are localities recorded by authoritative sources, not an origin finding for any individual piece. The CIBJO Gemstone Book (2022, §4.2.3) says a place of origin names where a gem was mined or harvested, is a matter of opinion, does not imply a level of quality, and that cutting, processing or exporting centres must not be used to imply origin. See how far testing can go on this page, the origin determination guide and the overview of recorded localities.

Human use and museum objects

Museum evidence places the use of lapis lazuli as beadwork back to at least the Sumerian period of ca. 2600-2500 BCE (Met 33.35.47, 33.35.48, Mesopotamia), recurring in New Kingdom Egypt (26.8.60), Cyprus (74.51.3247) and Roman contexts (41.160.642).

Evidence grade A

Scope: Applies to collection objects recorded as lapis lazuli (beads, amulets, intaglios); other blue stones and modern imitations are not covered.

Sources The Met 33.35.48 · The Met 33.35.47 · The Met 26.8.60 +3

The Met holds Sumerian lapis lazuli necklace beads (acc. 33.35.47, 33.35.48, ca. 2600-2500 BCE, Mesopotamia; gold and lapis lazuli), among its earliest. From Egypt come a Dynasty 18 girdle of gold and lapis wallet-shaped beads (acc. 26.8.60, ca. 1479-1425 BCE, Upper Egypt, Thebes). A Cypriot lapis-lazuli boat-shaped gold earring (acc. 74.51.3247, ca. 6th-5th century BCE), an Egyptian Dynasty 26-30 lapis heart amulet (acc. 74.51.4445, 664-334 BCE) and a Roman lapis intaglio (acc. 41.160.642, 2nd century CE) show its continuity across the Near East, Egypt and the Mediterranean.

Sources The Met 33.35.48 · The Met 33.35.47 · The Met 26.8.60 +3

Scope: A museum object evidences only the existence and date of that artefact itself; it does not establish widespread ancient use of the material, nor does it attest the origin, naturalness, or treatment of any modern specimen.

Objects cited

3000 BCE2000 BCE1000 BCE01000Met 33.35.48ca. 2600–2500 BCEMet 33.35.47ca. 2600–2500 BCEMet 26.8.60ca. 1479–1425 BCEMet 74.51.4445664–334 BCEMet 74.51.32476th–5th century BCEMet 41.160.6422nd century CE
Dates of museum objectsDates from the museums' open-access records (CC0); each bar spans the whole period named in the record, with qualifiers such as “early” or “possibly” kept in the label rather than turned into a narrower range; an arrow marks a record that reads “before” or “after” a yearSource: The Met / Cleveland Museum of Art open-access records
  • The Met 33.35.48Necklace beads · ca. 2600–2500 BCE · Sumerian · MesopotamiaGold, lapis lazuli
  • The Met 33.35.47Necklace · ca. 2600–2500 BCE · Sumerian · MesopotamiaGold, lapis lazuli
  • The Met 26.8.60Girdle with gold and lapis wallet-shaped beads · ca. 1479–1425 BCE · Upper Egypt, ThebesGold, lapis lazuli
  • The Met 74.51.3247Gold and lapis-lazuli boat-shaped earring · 6th–5th century BCE · CypriotGold, Lapis lazuli
  • The Met 74.51.4445Lapis lazuli heart amulet · 664–334 BCE · EgyptianLapis lazuli
  • The Met 41.160.642Lapis lazuli intaglio: Seated deity · 2nd century CE · RomanLapis lazuli

Cultural records for this material: Birthstone list.

How it is identified

Laboratory separation of lapis lazuli's blue mineral, lazurite, from sodalite relies on properties such as fluorescence and streak: lazurite is inert to ultraviolet light, whereas sodalite may fluoresce an intense orange to orange-red under both short- and long-wave UV, and lazurite leaves a bright blue streak compared with sodalite's white or pale blue streak.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Describes identification features reported by a laboratory or educational source; it is not a test that a reader can rely on, and any single piece can only be identified by a gemmological laboratory.

Sources G&G Spring 2000

In one laboratory study, lapis lazuli simulants under 10× to 45× magnification all showed a homogeneous, bright, saturated blue, whereas the natural material's blue was uneven. One simulant, Gilson-created lapis, is considerably softer than lapis lazuli: about 3 on the Mohs scale against 5.5.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Describes identification features reported by a laboratory or educational source; it is not a test that a reader can rely on, and any single piece can only be identified by a gemmological laboratory.

Sources G&G Spring 2000

Other research findings

Lapis lazuli is a rock rather than a single mineral, composed of a sodalite-group mineral (lazurite/hauyne) with variable amounts of calcite, pyrite, and other minerals.

Evidence grade A

Scope: Applies to the rock traded as lapis lazuli; not to the single mineral species lazurite.

Sources G&G Spring 2000 · G&G Fall 2022

The most prized lapis lazuli is an intense, uniform, medium-dark, slightly violetish blue with little or no pyrite and no calcite. White calcite streaks lower its standing, and the lowest quality looks dull and green from an excess of pyrite.

Evidence grade B

Scope: Quality factors as described by one educational source; not a grading standard and not a statement about the value of any piece.

Sources GIA Lapis Lazuli Quality Factors

Limits of this research

  • Research status: Formation, occurrence or other material-specific findings found in authoritative sources

Methodology

Evidence grades

A
Standards bodies, government geological surveys, peer-reviewed research and museum records
B
Institutional educational material
C
Specialist databases or cautious readings

A statement is never graded above its strongest source.

This section is LumaLark's own factual restatement of public authoritative sources, credited item by item; it contains no verbatim excerpts, images or third-party logos.

DecideListing name, disclosure, care and treatments

Suggested listing name
Lapis Lazuli

GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2 “Lapis lazuli” · CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.128 “Lapis Lazuli”

Construction or treatment status

Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Treatments recorded for this material: Waxed, Filled / Fracture-filled, Dyed

Related:Disclosure and cautions

This page cannot answer

Natural? · Origin · Price

A lab report settles these; this wiki covers naming and disclosure.

Related:What this page can answer

Answer at a glance

Lapis Lazuli is often subjected to waxing. Under GB/T 16552-2017, waxing (not listed separately in GB/T; Table 1 groups it with colourless oil or wax filling) counts as an optimization, so the plain gem name may be used (§5.4.2.1 a). Do not assume it is unenhanced.

What this means for you

Before buying, check the recommended listing name "Lapis Lazuli" and any disclosed treatments on this page, and ask the seller for a grading report if in doubt.

Known uncertainty

  • This entry's exact material identity is not fully settled.
  • See “Disclosure and cautions” above
  • Disclosure rules for the treatments above can change as authorities update their standards; re-check before relying on this page.
Last reviewed
2026-09-01

Trade-name ruling

  • Industry-wide term that does not denote a single species.
Suggested listing name
Lapis Lazuli

Care and wear

Normal care for every gemstone (CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.1), in brief:

  • Handle it gently.
  • Store pieces apart when not worn, so they cannot scratch each other.
  • Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
  • Use ultrasonic cleaners only with caution.

The §6.1 wording and the full list of §6.2 special-care letters cited on this page are on the general gem care page.

Care

care (cleaning)2 sources compared

Lapis Lazuli — care (cleaning): ultrasonic and steamer: avoid.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (cleaning): dyed material: avoid acetone and other solvents.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (cleaning): Warm soapy water is safest; because some dyes are unstable, test a small hidden spot first.

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

care (chemicals)2 sources compared

Lapis Lazuli — care (chemicals): Treatments with dye, oil, resin, wax or plastic are not permanent; keep it away from all solvents (including dish-washing liquids), chemicals and heat.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code k

Treatment state
treated
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

Lapis Lazuli — care (chemicals): On some stones the dye rubs off with acetone (nail-polish remover) or denatured alcohol, which is why they are sometimes sealed with wax or plastic; wax seals break down with heat or solvents.

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (wear): Mohs 5 to 6 depending on composition, with fair toughness; with proper care, jewellery and carvings can last for generations.

GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (special care): dyed for colour or evenness: special care (SC).

AGTA Gemstone Information Manual, 17th ed.

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (special care): coated with colourless wax or oil to improve appearance: normal to special care (SC).

AGTA Gemstone Information Manual, 17th ed.

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
surface waxing
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (setting): prong, bezel and channel: use caution; flush: use extreme caution; pavé: avoid.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (repair): polishing and thermal shock: use caution; jeweller's torch and pickle pot: avoid; note: avoid heat, which may change the colour and will damage wax; avoid chemicals.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (display): artificial light: relatively safe; heat in the display case and sunlight: use caution.

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — care (display): Dyed material may fade

Gems & Gemology 1987 (Martin)

Treatment state
treated
Only after these treatments
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

Common care questions and matching entries

CleaningCleaning Lapis Lazuli: Martin's Gemstone Durability: Design to Display states that untreated material should not be cleaned ultrasonically or with steam, and dyed material should be kept away from acetone and other solvents; the GIA Gem Encyclopedia states that, in any treatment state, warm soapy water is safest, and since some dyes are not stable, it is best to test first on an inconspicuous spot. Chemicals: CIBJO states that dyeing, oiling, resin, wax or plastic impregnation are not permanent, so keep the stone away from all solvents (including detergents of every kind), chemicals and heat. Heat and light: Martin states for untreated material that thermal shock needs care, the torch and pickling after soldering should be avoided, and heat may change the colour or damage the wax layer; in display, artificial light is relatively safe, while display-case heat and sunlight need care; dyed material may fade. Wear: the GIA Gem Encyclopedia states that, in any treatment state, Mohs hardness is 5–6 and toughness fair; Martin states for untreated material that prong, bezel and channel settings need care, tension settings need extra care, and pavé should be avoided.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

QuestionMatching entries
Can it go in an ultrasonic or steam cleaner?ultrasonic and steamer: avoid; dyed material: avoid acetone and other solvents; Warm soapy water is safest; because some dyes are unstable, test a small hidden spot first
Heat and thermal shockpolishing and thermal shock: use caution; jeweller's torch and pickle pot: avoid; note: avoid heat, which may change the colour and will damage wax; avoid chemicals
Light and displayartificial light: relatively safe; heat in the display case and sunlight: use caution; Dyed material may fade
Contact with acids, alkalis and household chemicalsTreatments with dye, oil, resin, wax or plastic are not permanent; keep it away from all solvents (including dish-washing liquids), chemicals and heat; On some stones the dye rubs off with acetone (nail-polish remover) or denatured alcohol, which is why they are sometimes sealed with wax or plastic; wax seals break down with heat or solvents
Wearing limits (knocks, settings)Mohs 5 to 6 depending on composition, with fair toughness; with proper care, jewellery and carvings can last for generations; prong, bezel and channel: use caution; flush: use extreme caution; pavé: avoid

Care entries by treatment state

The same entries grouped by the treatment state each applies to; each links to its full wording and source. Letters are CIBJO special-care codes, explained on the gemstone care page.

untreated

any treatment state

treated

treated (Only after these treatments: dyeing)

treated (Only after these treatments: surface waxing)

Durability and wearing

Toughness

Fair

Sources GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide)

Treatments and identification leads

Registered treatmentsThe treatments registered for Lapis Lazuli are surface waxing, dyeing and filling, all with status treated. Values not givenSurface waxing has stability not stable and market prevalence common, and its identification leads are given as "—", meaning the cited source gives none. Dyeing has stability variable and market prevalence common; for filling, stability and market prevalence are given as "—", meaning the cited source gives no value, not "none". Dyeing can be identified by uneven colour under magnification, often concentrated in fractures, between grains or in surface pits, and by colour coming off when wiped with solvents such as acetone or anhydrous ethanol. Filling can be identified under magnification by a lustre at filled areas that differs from the host, possibly with gas bubbles in the filled areas, as well as by characteristic bands of the filler in the infrared spectrum and by luminescence imaging equipment showing the filler's distribution.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TreatmentMarket frequency (CIBJO)Stability (CIBJO)GB/T 16552 categoryJJA/AGL listingIdentification leads
surface waxingStatus: treatedcommonlyunstable———
dyeingStatus: treatedcommonlystability of the treatmentTreatment—See identification leads
fillingStatus: treated——Graded — see §5.4.1, Table 1—See identification leads
colouring (JJA category 7, includes dyeing)———colouring (JJA category 7, includes dyeing)—

Where each treatment acts (schematics): Waxed · Dyed · Filled / Fracture-filled

“—” means the cited source gives no value for that item, not “none”. Source: CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022 · GB/T 16553—2017; GB/T 16552—2017 Table B.1; JJA/AGL 2025

Whether a treatment has to show in the name differs between the two rule sets (this site’s paraphrase):

  • GB/T 16552—2017: a method classed as treatment has to be stated in the name itself — the method put before the name, or added in brackets after it; a method classed as optimization does not need to appear in the name, though one marked “Optimization (annotation required)” still has to be noted in the quality documents. Source: §5.4.2.1 a), b); §5.4.2.2 a)
  • CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022: no longer splits treatments into ones that need specific disclosure and ones that need only general disclosure: every treatment is to be disclosed, and the seller tells the buyer which treatment was used and what special care it calls for. Source: §4.2.5 Note 2, §4.2.5.1, pp.14–15

What this table covers

What this page can give

  • Registered treatments, their stability and how often they occur (see the table above)
  • Identification leads for each treatment, for use when sending a stone for testing

VerifyNames, standards, technical facts, clauses and sources

Names

Besides Lapis Lazuli, the name register records "Lapis", for which no restriction on use as a name is recorded.

Standard and listing namesThe Chinese formal name for Lapis Lazuli is given in GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2, and the suggested listing name is Lapis Lazuli. Trade and mineralogical namesThe trade name or synonym is registered as Lapis, an English short form, with no restriction on its use as a name, based on this site's ruling without a supporting clause. Names in four languagesThe four-language names are given in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, English (Lapis Lazuli) and Japanese (a transliteration); the Japanese GSJ formal name is a transliteration and a kanji name, and the mineralogical name describes a rock composed chiefly of lazurite, commonly with calcite and pyrite. Institution usageAmong authority wordings, the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 lists Lapis Lazuli, the FTC source text has no wording for this name (checked), and GIA and Gem-A have not been checked; bodies without a recorded wording show Lapis Lazuli's own English name, which does not represent their position. National standard namesNational and regional formal names: Germany (RAL) writes Lapislazuli, the EU Lapis Lazuli and France (DGCCRF) Lapis-lazuli.

Name register

Every name recorded for this entry, with how it is classified, whether it may be matched to this entry automatically, whether it may be used as a product name, and the clause it rests on.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

NameTypeMatchingUse as a nameBasis
no restriction recorded (1)
LapisEnglishshort formmatched automaticallyno restriction recordededitorial ruling (no clause cited)

How each authority words this name: see Names › Authority wording.

Authority wording

GIA, FTC, CIBJO, Gem-A
Lapis Lazuli (on record for CIBJO (CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 §7.2.1.128); no wording for this name in the FTC text on file; GIA, Gem-A unchecked — bodies without a recorded wording show the entry's own English name)
GSJ (Japan) formal name
ラピスラズリ／瑠璃
Chinese formal name
青金石 (GB/T 16552—2017 Table A.2)
Mineralogical name
Rock composed chiefly of lazurite, commonly with calcite/pyrite
Trade names and synonyms
Lapis (short form)

Four-language names

简体中文
青金石
繁體中文
青金石
English
Lapis Lazuli
日本語
ラピスラズリ

National and regional formal names

Germany (RAL)
Lapislazuli
European Union
Lapis Lazuli
France (DGCCRF)
Lapis-lazuli

See also: Misleading and prohibited trade names · Supplementary name index

Classification

Origin
Natural materials
Material domain
Natural inorganic gem materials
Browsing family
Rocks and polymineral aggregates
Identity tier
Rock / mineral aggregate
Mineral chemical class
Mixed / composition-dependent
Construction or treatment status
Natural identity; treatment status unknown

Treatments listed by standards

GB/T Table B.1The Lapis Lazuli row of GB/T 16552—2017 Annex B, Table B.1 lists filling and dyeing: filling improves or changes durability and appearance and is classed by the GB/T 16552—2017 grades; dyeing improves or changes colour and is classed as treatment. The notes to Table B.1 and the graded definitions are on this site's Gem treatments page. JJA/AGL designationsThe table of principal gem names in the JJA/AGL (Japan) definitions and nomenclature, 2025 revision, lists Lapis Lazuli under the species lapis lazuli, in deep blue, with an untreated tier; its notes record colouring as dyed, and the original states that colouring includes dyeing. How to read the JJA/AGL table: see the Gem treatments page.

GB/T 16552-2017, Annex B, Table B.1

Table B.1, row “Lapis lazuli” (p.16):

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

MethodEffectCategory
FillingImproves or changes durability and appearanceGraded — see §5.4.1, Table 1
DyeingImproves or changes colourTreatment

What Table B.1 is, and how the “see 5.4.1” grades are defined: see the GB/T 16552: optimization vs treatment page.

JJA/AGL (Japan) table of principal gem names, 2025

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

Gem nameSpeciesColourListed in the tableNotes
Lapis LazuliLapis Lazulideep bluean untreated tier is listed; colouring (JJA category 7, includes dyeing) (Dyed)

JJA/AGL definitions and nomenclature (2025 revision), table of principal gem names, p.16

How to read the JJA/AGL table: see the Gem treatments page.

What it is and how it's identified

The registered composition (chemistry) of Lapis Lazuli is (NaCa)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,Cl,S)2; it is a crystalline aggregate, commonly granular or massive; Mohs hardness 5–6, with cleavage usually not seen in the aggregate. Density is 2.5–3 g/cm³, worked out from the clause value 2.75 and a tolerance of ±0.25. Optic character is aggregate; refractive index 1.5, a typical value under usual conditions rather than an absolute limit, with the overall value taken where finer sub-ranges exist; no birefringence. The UV-visible spectrum is not diagnostic, and the mid-infrared region shows the characteristic infrared absorption bands of lapis lazuli. Untreated Lapis Lazuli has no pleochroism and a vitreous to waxy lustre.

Registered material facts

Each row carries its own source and check date and can be cited on its own; “—” means the cited source gives no value, not “none”.

Definition

Lapis Lazuli — composition (chemistry): Lapis Lazuli: (NaCa) ₈ (AlSiO₄) ₆ (SO₄,Cl,S) ₂.

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Structure

Lapis Lazuli — structure (overall): crystalline aggregate, usually granular or massive

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Durability

Lapis Lazuli — Mohs hardness: 5–6

GB/T 16553—2017

123456789105–6References (diamond = value, bar = range; below)

Reference points on this site: Talc 1–3, Fluorite 4, Apatite 5–5.5, Orthoclase 6–6.5, Topaz 8, Diamond 10 (Source: GB/T 16553—2017); Gypsum 1.5–2, Calcite 3, Quartz 7 (Source: Handbook of Mineralogy); Corundum 9 (Source: GIA Gem Encyclopedia (care guide))

Mohs hardnessSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-20
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-20)
Fact checked on
2026-09-20

Lapis Lazuli — cleavage: generally not seen on an aggregate

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — stability: particularly vulnerable to acids, so keep it away from them; no ultrasonic cleaning.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

CIBJO Gemstone Book §6.2:special-care code h, special-care code j

Treatment state
untreated
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

For Lapis Lazuli, the stability of surface waxing is “unstable”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
surface waxing
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

For Lapis Lazuli, the stability of dyeing is “variable”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Physical properties

Lapis Lazuli — density: 2.5–3 g/cm³

GB/T 16553—2017

0.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.52.5–3
Specific gravitySource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

The clause we cite gives 2.75, with a stated tolerance of ±0.25. The range shown here is worked out from that.

Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Optical

Lapis Lazuli — optic character: aggregate

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — refractive index: 1.5

GB/T 16553—2017

1.31.51.71.92.12.32.52.72.93.13.31.5
Refractive indexSource: GB/T 16553—2017
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

The clause we cite gives this as a typical value. It is a common value, not an absolute limit.

General note
the clause has finer ranges
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — birefringence: none

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — pleochroism: none

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — fluorescence (long-wave UV): calcite inclusions: may have pink-red.

GB/T 16553—2017

UV fluorescence (long-wave UV)may have: pink-redcalcite inclusionsDots are illustrative colours built from the colour names, not measured values

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — fluorescence (short-wave UV): weak to moderate, green, yellow-green

GB/T 16553—2017

UV fluorescence (short-wave UV)greenyellow-greenweak–moderateDots are illustrative colours built from the colour names, not measured values

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — spectrum (UV-visible): non-characteristic

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — spectrum (infrared): Mid-IR absorption follows the pattern typical of lapis lazuli

GB/T 16553—2017

Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — magnification: granular structure, mineral inclusions

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — body colour: medium to deep slightly greenish blue, purplish blue, commonly spotted with brass-yellow pyrite, white calcite, and dark green diopside or augite.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Qualification

In chapter 5 of GB/T 16553—2017, the colour entries of Lazulite, Iolite, Sodalite and other variety clauses also name blue or a bluish colour.

General note
colour alone is not identity
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-26)
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Quality factors

Lapis Lazuli — quality factor (lustre): vitreous to waxy

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

1.51.521.542.52.62.72.82.9Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Lapis Lazuli

This material (RI / SG midpoints): 1.5 / 2.75; Closest values: 1Serpentine 1.532 / 2.62, 2Albite 1.54 / 2.65, 3Alashan Yu 1.54 / 2.62, 4Aventurine Quartz 1.548 / 2.67, 5Lepidolite 1.55 / 2.8

Show the full chart (330 registered materials)1.41.51.61.71.81.922.12.22.32.41234567Refractive indexSpecific gravity12345Lapis Lazuli

Outside the full chart's range, drawn as triangles at the edge (RI / SG midpoints): Hematite 3.045/5.12, Synthetic Rutile 2.76/4.26, Rutile 2.753/4.23, Synthetic Moissanite 2.67/3.22

Refractive index × specific gravity (all registered materials)Each dot is one material's registered refractive index and specific gravity (range midpoints, not measurements); gold = this material, dark = the nearest few (picked on this site by distance in RI ÷ 0.02 and SG ÷ 0.1, leaving out near-identical varieties of the same species)Source: each material's registered refractive index and specific gravity facts (GB/T 16553 and others; sources on each entry)

Testing and market

Identification leads for dyed Lapis Lazuli: under magnification the colour is uneven and mostly concentrated in fractures, gaps between grains and surface pits; colour can be wiped off with solvents such as acetone or anhydrous ethanol; and the UV-visible spectrum differs from that of natural samples. For filled Lapis Lazuli, the filled areas differ in lustre from the host under magnification and may contain gas bubbles; infrared spectroscopy can detect the characteristic bands of the filler; luminescence imaging equipment such as a UV fluorescence viewer can show how the filler is distributed; and where the filler is wax, wax may exude when touched with a hot needle. The identification leads for dyeing and filling come from GB/T 16553—2017, which can only be used as a reference for the Lapis Lazuli entry and does not govern it directly. Untreated Lapis Lazuli appears reddish brown through a Chelsea filter. The CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book (2024) requires dyeing, coating, impregnation, wax, synthetics and imitations to be checked in particular; its notes mention that a microscope can be used for hot-point and acetone tests, and Raman spectroscopy for some of the constituent minerals. No synthetic counterpart of Lapis Lazuli is on the market; among Lapis Lazuli on the market, both surface waxing and dyeing are common.

The tests the CIBJO laboratory protocol requires for this material, and what each method means, are in the protocol table on the laboratory testing page: §6.1.49.

How far testing can go

Lapis Lazuli that has undergone dyeing can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the colour is unevenly distributed and mostly concentrated in fissures, between grains or in surface hollows; wiping with acetone or absolute ethanol can remove the colour; its UV-visible spectrum is not the same as that of natural material.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
colour treated
Does this standard apply
can be followed as a reference only
Treatment
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (dyeing) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli that has undergone filling can be identified by the following features: Under magnification the surface luster of the filled part differs from that of the host jade and gas bubbles may be present in the filled area; infrared spectra show characteristic absorption bands of the filler; luminescence imaging (such as a UV fluorescence viewer) shows how the filler is distributed.

If the filler is wax, touching it with a hot needle may make wax seep out.

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
treated
Does this standard apply
can be followed as a reference only
Treatment
filling
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (filling) (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — how far testing can go (instrumental testing): appears reddish brown under the Chelsea colour filter

GB/T 16553—2017

Treatment state
untreated
Does this standard apply
applies to this entry
Source & check 2026-09-21
Source
  • GB/T 16553—2017 Gems — Testing (GB/T): §5.2.14 (locator checked 2026-09-21)
Fact checked on
2026-09-21

Lapis Lazuli — synthetic counterpart on the market: No synthetic counterpart of this material is commercially available

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

For Lapis Lazuli in trade, the reported frequency of surface waxing is “commonly”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
surface waxing
Source & check 2026-09-25
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-25

For Lapis Lazuli in trade, the reported frequency of dyeing is “commonly”.

CIBJO Gemstone Book 2022

Treatment state
treated
Treatment
dyeing
Source & check 2026-09-22
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-22

Lapis Lazuli — what the CIBJO laboratory protocol says to watch for: dye, coatings, impregnation, wax, ‘synthetics’, imitations

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Lapis Lazuli — notes on test methods in the CIBJO laboratory protocol:

CIBJO laboratory protocol, in its own order; only the notes registered on this site
Test methodWhat the protocol notes for it
Microscope: Thermal reaction test, acetone;
Raman spectroscopy: Selective components

CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024

Treatment state
any treatment state
Source & check 2026-09-26
Source
Fact checked on
2026-09-26

Each row's “Source & check” expands to the full source; the date beside it is the fact check date.

Clause-level definitions

Lapis Lazuli has a direct definition in the CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 under the entry name Lapis Lazuli, defined as a rock composed primarily of the mineral lazurite, calcite and pyrite; the cross-check result is that it is defined directly by CIBJO and also appears in the GB/T annex. The CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024 also has a separate Pyrite entry, paraphrased as metallic yellow with a brassy appearance and opaque; the cross-check result is that it is defined directly by CIBJO, and no identically named English entry was found in this edition of the GB/T annex.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

TermClauseDefinitionCross-check
Lapis Lazuli7.2.1.128Rock composed primarily of lazurite, calcite and pyriteDefined directly by CIBJO; also present in the GB/T annex.
Pyrite7.2.1.187metallic yellow (brassy appearance), opaqueDefined directly by CIBJO; no identically named English entry was found in this edition of the GB/T annex.

Evidence and sources

Authority basis and clause sources

GB/T 16552—2017
Listed Table A.2 “Lapis lazuli” · Source
CIBJO Gemmological Laboratories Book 2024
Listed §7.2.1.128 “Lapis Lazuli” · Source

Sources

Further reading

Related pages

Treatments recorded for this material

Recorded cultural contexts

Birthstone list

The U.K. National Association of Jewellers chart lists Lapis Lazuli as an alternative for September; and Japan's JJA 2021 revised roster lists Lapis Lazuli for December. This records trade-association convention only; it does not establish material identity, natural origin, treatment, provenance, or effect.

Relation
Industry list inclusion

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

Publisher or holderRegionFrom / periodSource and locator
Japan Jewellery AssociationJapanfrom 20 December 2021Tanjoseki (Japanese birthstone roster, Japan Jewellery Association page; revision of 20 December 2021)
2021 revised birthstone roster, December row: Lapis Lazuli
National Association of JewellersUnited Kingdom—National Association of Jewellers, “Zodiac Birthstones Jewellery: Star Signs, Gemstones and Their Meaning” (web page, consulted 2026-08-22)
Zodiac birthstone chart, September row: Lapis Lazuli (Alternative)

Related intention themes

These reviewed links connect this material with LumaLark intention themes. Each label identifies whether the link is a brand interpretation or a historical and cultural record; neither describes an effect or outcome of the material.

Related entries and topic cluster

Parent entry and related pages on this site. Rows marked “Planned” are suggested new content and have no link yet.

Related-entry tree for Lazurite on this site: 2 entries listed by this site's parent-entry links; synthetic, treated and similar entries carry their recorded state after the name; this page (Lapis Lazuli) is marked.

This table scrolls sideways on narrow screens.

PageContentStatus
Browsing familyRocks and polymineral aggregatesLive
Treatments recorded for this materialWaxed, Filled / Fracture-filled, DyedLive
Related articlesTo be added (placeholder)Planned

Who maintains this page

The material facts in the Lapis Lazuli entry are maintained by the LumaLark wiki and matched one by one to the standard clauses or institutional sources they cite: every fact carries its source (with a clause or page locator) and a check date, so it can be traced back to the original; clause-level definitions also carry a cross-check result. The entry exists so that buyers and sellers can check naming, disclosure and material facts item by item.

Facts editor
June
Reviewer
Ralph
How facts are checked
Each fact is matched to the clause it cites; facts checked between 2026-09-20 and 2026-09-26
Last revised
2026-10-12
Purpose
Lets buyers and sellers check naming, disclosure and material facts clause by clause.

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